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java：详解http模块request对象

news 2025/7/9 9:25:09

文章目录

- 背景
- 继承关系
- 获取数据request
- - 获取请求行数据
  - 获取请求头数据
  - 获取请求体数据
- 示例：防盗链
- 其他功能
- - 获取请求参数通用方式
  - 请求转发
  - 共享数据
  - 获取ServletContext

背景

在 Java 中，HTTP 模块的 request 对象和 response 对象分别表示客户端向服务器发送请求和服务器向客户端发送响应时使用的对象。

继承关系

ServletRequest		--	接口|   继承
HttpServletRequest	-- 接口|	实现
org.apache.catalina.connector.RequestFacade 类(tomcat)

获取数据request

request 对象包含有关客户端请求的信息，例如请求方法、请求 URL、请求头、请求体等，其中常用的属性和方法包括：

获取请求行数据

获取请求方式：GET
- String getMethod()
(*)获取虚拟目录：/day14
- String getContextPath()
获取Servlet路径: /demo1
- String getServletPath()
获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsan
- String getQueryString()
(*)获取请求URI：/day14/demo1
- String getRequestURI(): /day14/demo1
- StringBuffer getRequestURL():http://localhost/day14/demo1
- URL:统一资源定位符： http://localhost/day14/demo1
- URI：统一资源标识符 : /day14/demo1
获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1
- String getProtocol()
获取客户机的IP地址：
- String getRemoteAddr()

以下是一个简单的 Java Servlet 示例，演示如何使用 request 对象处理 HTTP 请求和响应：

package cn.xxx.web.request;import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;/*** 演示Request对象获取请求行数据*/@WebServlet("/requestDemo1")
public class RequestDemo1 extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {}protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {/*1. 获取请求方式 ：GET* String getMethod()2. (*)获取虚拟目录：/day14* String getContextPath()3. 获取Servlet路径: /requestDemo1* String getServletPath()4. 获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsan* String getQueryString()5. (*)获取请求URI：/day14/demo1* String getRequestURI():		/day14/requestDemo1* StringBuffer getRequestURL()  :http://localhost/day14/requestDemo16. 获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1* String getProtocol()7. 获取客户机的IP地址：* String getRemoteAddr()*///1. 获取请求方式 ：GETString method = request.getMethod();System.out.println(method);//2.(*)获取虚拟目录：/day14String contextPath = request.getContextPath();System.out.println(contextPath);//3. 获取Servlet路径: /demo1String servletPath = request.getServletPath();System.out.println(servletPath);//4. 获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsanString queryString = request.getQueryString();System.out.println(queryString);//5.(*)获取请求URI：/day14/demo1String requestURI = request.getRequestURI();StringBuffer requestURL = request.getRequestURL();System.out.println(requestURI);System.out.println(requestURL);//6. 获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1String protocol = request.getProtocol();System.out.println(protocol);//7. 获取客户机的IP地址：String remoteAddr = request.getRemoteAddr();System.out.println(remoteAddr);}
}

获取请求头数据

(*)String getHeader(String name):通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值
Enumeration<String> getHeaderNames():获取所有的请求头名称

package cn.xxx.web.request;import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;@WebServlet("/requestDemo2")
public class RequestDemo2 extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {}protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {//演示获取请求头数据//1.获取所有请求头名称Enumeration<String> headerNames = request.getHeaderNames();//2.遍历while(headerNames.hasMoreElements()){String name = headerNames.nextElement();//根据名称获取请求头的值String value = request.getHeader(name);System.out.println(name+"---"+value);}}
}

package cn.xxx.web.request;import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;@WebServlet("/requestDemo3")
public class RequestDemo3 extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {}protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {//演示获取请求头数据:user-agentString agent = request.getHeader("user-agent");//判断agent的浏览器版本if(agent.contains("Chrome")){//谷歌System.out.println("谷歌来了...");}else if(agent.contains("Firefox")){//火狐System.out.println("火狐来了...");}}
}

获取请求体数据

只有POST请求方式，才有请求体，在请求体中封装了POST请求的请求参数。

获取流对象
* BufferedReader getReader()：获取字符输入流，只能操作字符数据
- ServletInputStream getInputStream()：获取字节输入流，可以操作所有类型数据（在文件上传知识点后讲解）
再从流对象中拿数据

package cn.xxx.web.request;import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;@WebServlet("/requestDemo5")
public class RequestDemo5 extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {//获取请求消息体--请求参数//1.获取字符流BufferedReader br = request.getReader();//2.读取数据String line = null;while((line = br.readLine()) != null){System.out.println(line);}}protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {}
}

示例：防盗链

package cn.xxx.web.request;import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;@WebServlet("/requestDemo4")
public class RequestDemo4 extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {}protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {//演示获取请求头数据:refererString referer = request.getHeader("referer");System.out.println(referer);//http://localhost/day14/login.html//防盗链if(referer != null ){if(referer.contains("/day14")){//正常访问// System.out.println("播放电影....");response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");response.getWriter().write("播放电影....");}else{//盗链//System.out.println("想看电影吗？来优酷吧...");response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");response.getWriter().write("想看电影吗？来优酷吧...");}}}
}

其他功能

获取请求参数通用方式

不论get还是post请求方式都可以使用下列方法来获取请求参数

String getParameter(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值 username=zs&password=123
String[] getParameterValues(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值的数组 hobby=xx&hobby=game
Enumeration getParameterNames():获取所有请求的参数名称
Map<String,String[]> getParameterMap():获取所有参数的map集合

package cn.xxx.web.request;import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;@WebServlet("/requestDemo6")
public class RequestDemo6 extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {//post 获取请求参数//根据参数名称获取参数值String username = request.getParameter("username");/* System.out.println("post");System.out.println(username);*///根据参数名称获取参数值的数组String[] hobbies = request.getParameterValues("hobby");/*for (String hobby : hobbies) {System.out.println(hobby);}*///获取所有请求的参数名称Enumeration<String> parameterNames = request.getParameterNames();/*while(parameterNames.hasMoreElements()){String name = parameterNames.nextElement();System.out.println(name);String value = request.getParameter(name);System.out.println(value);System.out.println("----------------");}*/// 获取所有参数的map集合Map<String, String[]> parameterMap = request.getParameterMap();//遍历Set<String> keyset = parameterMap.keySet();for (String name : keyset) {//获取键获取值String[] values = parameterMap.get(name);System.out.println(name);for (String value : values) {System.out.println(value);}System.out.println("-----------------");}}protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {//get 获取请求参数
/*//根据参数名称获取参数值String username = request.getParameter("username");System.out.println("get");System.out.println(username);*/this.doPost(request,response);}
}

中文乱码问题：
* get方式：tomcat 8 已经将get方式乱码问题解决了
* post方式：会乱码
解决：在获取参数前，设置request的编码request.setCharacterEncoding(“utf-8”);

package cn.xxx.web.request;import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;@WebServlet("/requestDemo7")
public class RequestDemo7 extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {//1.设置流的编码request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");//获取请求参数usernameString username = request.getParameter("username");System.out.println(username);}protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {this.doPost(request,response);}
}

请求转发

一种在服务器内部的资源跳转方式

步骤：
1. 通过request对象获取请求转发器对象：RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path)
2. 使用RequestDispatcher对象来进行转发：forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)
特点：
1. 浏览器地址栏路径不发生变化
2. 只能转发到当前服务器内部资源中。
3. 转发是一次请求

package cn.xxx.web.request;import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;@WebServlet("/requestDemo8")
public class RequestDemo8 extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {System.out.println("demo8888被访问了。。。");//转发到demo9资源
/*RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher("/requestDemo9");requestDispatcher.forward(request,response);*///存储数据到request域中request.setAttribute("msg","hello");request.getRequestDispatcher("/requestDemo9").forward(request,response);//request.getRequestDispatcher("http://www.xxx.cn").forward(request,response);}protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {this.doPost(request,response);}
}

共享数据

域对象：一个有作用范围的对象，可以在范围内共享数据
request域：代表一次请求的范围，一般用于请求转发的多个资源中共享数据
方法：
1. void setAttribute(String name,Object obj):存储数据
2. Object getAttitude(String name):通过键获取值
3. void removeAttribute(String name):通过键移除键值对

package cn.xxx.web.request;import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;@WebServlet("/requestDemo9")
public class RequestDemo9 extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {//获取数据Object msg = request.getAttribute("msg");System.out.println(msg);System.out.println("demo9999被访问了。。。");}protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {this.doPost(request,response);}
}

获取ServletContext

ServletContext getServletContext()

package cn.xxx.web.request;import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;@WebServlet("/requestDemo10")
public class RequestDemo10 extends HttpServlet {protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {ServletContext servletContext = request.getServletContext();System.out.println(servletContext);}protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {this.doPost(request,response);}
}