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基于Python的新闻爬虫：实时追踪行业动态

news 2025/7/25 15:02:09

引言

在信息时代，行业动态瞬息万变。金融从业者需要实时了解政策变化，科技公司需要跟踪技术趋势，市场营销人员需要掌握竞品动向。传统的人工信息收集方式效率低下，难以满足实时性需求。Python爬虫技术为解决这一问题提供了高效方案。

本文将详细介绍如何使用Python构建新闻爬虫系统，实现行业动态的实时追踪。我们将从技术选型、爬虫实现、数据存储到可视化分析进行完整讲解，并提供可运行的代码示例。

1. 技术方案设计

1.1 系统架构

完整的新闻追踪系统包含以下组件：

爬虫模块：负责网页抓取和数据提取
存储模块：结构化存储采集的数据
分析模块：数据处理和特征提取
可视化模块：数据展示和趋势分析
通知模块：重要新闻实时提醒

1.2 技术选型

组件	技术方案	优势
网页抓取	Requests/Scrapy	高效稳定
HTML解析	BeautifulSoup/lxml	解析精准
数据存储	MySQL/MongoDB	结构化存储
数据分析	Pandas/Numpy	处理便捷
可视化	Matplotlib/PyEcharts	直观展示
定时任务	APScheduler	自动化运行

2. 爬虫实现

2.1 基础爬虫实现

我们以36氪快讯（https://36kr.com/newsflashes）为例，抓取实时行业快讯。

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import pandas as pddef fetch_36kr_news():url = "https://36kr.com/newsflashes"headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36"}response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')news_items = []for item in soup.select('.newsflash-item'):title = item.select_one('.item-title').text.strip()time = item.select_one('.time').text.strip()abstract = item.select_one('.item-desc').text.strip()link = "https://36kr.com" + item.select_one('a')['href']news_items.append({"title": title,"time": time,"abstract": abstract,"link": link})return news_items# 测试抓取
news_data = fetch_36kr_news()
df = pd.DataFrame(news_data)
print(df.head())

2.2 反反爬策略

为防止被网站封禁，需要采取以下措施：

设置随机User-Agent
使用代理IP池
控制请求频率
处理验证码

from fake_useragent import UserAgent
import random
import time
import requests# 代理信息
proxyHost = "www.16yun.cn"
proxyPort = "5445"
proxyUser = "16QMSOML"
proxyPass = "280651"def get_random_headers():ua = UserAgent()return {"User-Agent": ua.random,"Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.9","Referer": "https://www.google.com/"}def fetch_with_retry(url, max_retries=3):# 设置代理proxyMeta = f"http://{proxyUser}:{proxyPass}@{proxyHost}:{proxyPort}"proxies = {"http": proxyMeta,"https": proxyMeta,}for i in range(max_retries):try:response = requests.get(url, headers=get_random_headers(),proxies=proxies,timeout=10)if response.status_code == 200:return responsetime.sleep(random.uniform(1, 3))except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:print(f"Attempt {i+1} failed: {str(e)}")time.sleep(5)return None

3. 数据存储与管理

3.1 MySQL存储方案

import pymysql
from datetime import datetimedef setup_mysql_db():connection = pymysql.connect(host='localhost',user='root',password='yourpassword',database='news_monitor')with connection.cursor() as cursor:cursor.execute("""CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS industry_news (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,content TEXT,publish_time DATETIME,source VARCHAR(100),url VARCHAR(255),created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)""")connection.commit()return connectiondef save_to_mysql(news_items):conn = setup_mysql_db()with conn.cursor() as cursor:for item in news_items:cursor.execute("""INSERT INTO industry_news (title, content, publish_time, source, url)VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)""", (item['title'], item['abstract'], item['time'], '36kr', item['link']))conn.commit()conn.close()

3.2 数据去重方案

def check_duplicate(title):conn = setup_mysql_db()with conn.cursor() as cursor:cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM industry_news WHERE title = %s", (title,))count = cursor.fetchone()[0]conn.close()return count > 0

4. 数据分析与可视化

4.1 关键词提取

import jieba.analyse
from collections import Counterdef extract_keywords(texts, top_n=20):all_text = " ".join(texts)keywords = jieba.analyse.extract_tags(all_text, topK=top_n)return keywords# 从数据库读取新闻内容
def get_news_contents():conn = setup_mysql_db()with conn.cursor() as cursor:cursor.execute("SELECT content FROM industry_news")contents = [row[0] for row in cursor.fetchall()]conn.close()return contentscontents = get_news_contents()
keywords = extract_keywords(contents)
print("Top Keywords:", keywords)

4.2 可视化展示

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from wordcloud import WordClouddef generate_wordcloud(keywords):wordcloud = WordCloud(font_path='simhei.ttf',background_color='white',width=800,height=600).generate(" ".join(keywords))plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))plt.imshow(wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')plt.axis('off')plt.show()generate_wordcloud(keywords)