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Canny算法原理和应用

news 2025/6/22 1:08:52

Canny算法的原理

使用高斯滤波器滤波

使用 Sobel 滤波器滤波获得在 x 和 y 方向上的输出，在此基础上求出梯度的强度和梯度的角度

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edge为边缘强度，tan为梯度方向

上图表示的是中心点的梯度向量、方位角以及边缘方向（任一点的边缘与梯度向量正交）

对梯度角度进行量化处理

划重点：是沿着梯度方向对幅值进行非极大值抑制，而非边缘方向，这里初学者容易弄混。

例如：3*3区域内，边缘可以划分为垂直、水平、45°、135°4个方向，同样，梯度反向也为四个方向（与边缘方向正交）。因此为了进行非极大值，将所有可能的方向量化为4个方向，如下图：

量化后的情况可以总结为：

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根据梯度角度对边缘强度进行非极大值抑制（Non-maximum suppression），使图像边缘变得更细

非极大值抑制算法：0°时取(x,y)、(x+1,y)、(x-1,y) 中的最大值，其它角度类似

使用滞后阈值对图像进行二值化处理，优化图像显示效果

选取系数TH和TL，比率为2:1或3:1。（一般取TH=0.3或0.2,TL=0.1）；

b. 将小于低阈值的点抛弃，赋0；将大于高阈值的点立即标记（这些点为确定边缘点），赋1或255；

c. 将小于高阈值，大于低阈值的点使用8连通区域确定（即：只有与TH像素连接时才会被接受，成为边缘点，赋 1或255）

python算法实现

import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as pltdef Canny(img):# Gray scaledef BGR2GRAY(img):b = img[:, :, 0].copy()g = img[:, :, 1].copy()r = img[:, :, 2].copy()# Gray scaleout = 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * bout = out.astype(np.uint8)return out# Gaussian filter for grayscaledef gaussian_filter(img, K_size=3, sigma=1.4):if len(img.shape) == 3:H, W, C = img.shapegray = Falseelse:img = np.expand_dims(img, axis=-1)H, W, C = img.shapegray = True## Zero paddingpad = K_size // 2out = np.zeros([H + pad * 2, W + pad * 2, C], dtype=np.float)out[pad : pad + H, pad : pad + W] = img.copy().astype(np.float)## prepare KernelK = np.zeros((K_size, K_size), dtype=np.float)for x in range(-pad, -pad + K_size):for y in range(-pad, -pad + K_size):K[y + pad, x + pad] = np.exp( - (x ** 2 + y ** 2) / (2 * sigma * sigma))#K /= (sigma * np.sqrt(2 * np.pi))K /= (2 * np.pi * sigma * sigma)K /= K.sum()tmp = out.copy()# filteringfor y in range(H):for x in range(W):for c in range(C):out[pad + y, pad + x, c] = np.sum(K * tmp[y : y + K_size, x : x + K_size, c])out = np.clip(out, 0, 255)out = out[pad : pad + H, pad : pad + W]out = out.astype(np.uint8)if gray:out = out[..., 0]return out# sobel filterdef sobel_filter(img, K_size=3):if len(img.shape) == 3:H, W, C = img.shapeelse:H, W = img.shape# Zero paddingpad = K_size // 2out = np.zeros((H + pad * 2, W + pad * 2), dtype=np.float)out[pad : pad + H, pad : pad + W] = img.copy().astype(np.float)tmp = out.copy()out_v = out.copy()out_h = out.copy()## Sobel verticalKv = [[1., 2., 1.],[0., 0., 0.], [-1., -2., -1.]]## Sobel horizontalKh = [[1., 0., -1.],[2., 0., -2.],[1., 0., -1.]]# filteringfor y in range(H):for x in range(W):out_v[pad + y, pad + x] = np.sum(Kv * (tmp[y : y + K_size, x : x + K_size]))out_h[pad + y, pad + x] = np.sum(Kh * (tmp[y : y + K_size, x : x + K_size]))out_v = np.clip(out_v, 0, 255)out_h = np.clip(out_h, 0, 255)out_v = out_v[pad : pad + H, pad : pad + W]out_v = out_v.astype(np.uint8)out_h = out_h[pad : pad + H, pad : pad + W]out_h = out_h.astype(np.uint8)return out_v, out_h# get edge strength and edge angledef get_edge_angle(fx, fy):# get edge strengthedge = np.sqrt(np.power(fx.astype(np.float32), 2) + np.power(fy.astype(np.float32), 2))edge = np.clip(edge, 0, 255)# make sure the denominator is not 0fx = np.maximum(fx, 1e-10)#fx[np.abs(fx) <= 1e-5] = 1e-5# get edge angleangle = np.arctan(fy / fx)return edge, angle# 将角度量化为0°、45°、90°、135°def angle_quantization(angle):angle = angle / np.pi * 180angle[angle < -22.5] = 180 + angle[angle < -22.5]_angle = np.zeros_like(angle, dtype=np.uint8)_angle[np.where((angle <= 22.5) | (angle > 157.5))] = 0_angle[np.where((angle > 22.5) & (angle <= 67.5))] = 45_angle[np.where((angle > 67.5) & (angle <= 112.5))] = 90_angle[np.where((angle > 112.5) & (angle <= 157.5))] = 135return _angledef non_maximum_suppression(angle, edge):H, W = angle.shape_edge = edge.copy()for y in range(H):for x in range(W):if angle[y, x] == 0:dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2 = -1, 0, 1, 0elif angle[y, x] == 45:dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2 = -1, 1, 1, -1elif angle[y, x] == 90:dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2 = 0, -1, 0, 1elif angle[y, x] == 135:dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2 = -1, -1, 1, 1# 边界处理if x == 0:dx1 = max(dx1, 0)dx2 = max(dx2, 0)if x == W-1:dx1 = min(dx1, 0)dx2 = min(dx2, 0)if y == 0:dy1 = max(dy1, 0)dy2 = max(dy2, 0)if y == H-1:dy1 = min(dy1, 0)dy2 = min(dy2, 0)# 如果不是最大值，则将这个位置像素值置为0if max(max(edge[y, x], edge[y + dy1, x + dx1]), edge[y + dy2, x + dx2]) != edge[y, x]:_edge[y, x] = 0return _edge# 滞后阈值处理二值化图像# > HT 的设为255，< LT 的设置0，介于它们两个中间的值，使用8邻域判断法def hysterisis(edge, HT=100, LT=30):H, W = edge.shape# Histeresis thresholdedge[edge >= HT] = 255edge[edge <= LT] = 0_edge = np.zeros((H + 2, W + 2), dtype=np.float32)_edge[1 : H + 1, 1 : W + 1] = edge## 8 - Nearest neighbornn = np.array(((1., 1., 1.), (1., 0., 1.), (1., 1., 1.)), dtype=np.float32)for y in range(1, H+2):for x in range(1, W+2):if _edge[y, x] < LT or _edge[y, x] > HT:continueif np.max(_edge[y-1:y+2, x-1:x+2] * nn) >= HT:_edge[y, x] = 255else:_edge[y, x] = 0edge = _edge[1:H+1, 1:W+1]return edge# grayscalegray = BGR2GRAY(img)# gaussian filteringgaussian = gaussian_filter(gray, K_size=5, sigma=1.4)# sobel filteringfy, fx = sobel_filter(gaussian, K_size=3)# get edge strength, angleedge, angle = get_edge_angle(fx, fy)# angle quantizationangle = angle_quantization(angle)# non maximum suppressionedge = non_maximum_suppression(angle, edge)# hysterisis thresholdout = hysterisis(edge, 80, 20)return outif __name__ == '__main__':# Read imageimg = cv2.imread("../paojie.jpg").astype(np.float32)image = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY).astype(np.uint8)# Cannyedge = Canny(img)out = edge.astype(np.uint8)# Save resultcv2.imshow('src and canny', np.hstack((image, out)))cv2.waitKey(0)cv2.destroyAllWindows()