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Hive拉链表

news 2025/7/14 7:12:43

概述

拉链表：维护历史状态以及最新状态数据的表

作用场景

1. 数据量比较大。

2. 表中的部分字段会被更新，比如用户的地址，银行利率，订单的状态等。

3. 需要查看某一个时间点或者时间段的历史快照信息，比如，查看利率在历史某一个时间点的状态。

4. 变化的比例和频率不是很大，比如，总共有1000万的会员，每天新增和发生变化的有10万左右。

5. 如果对这边表每天都保留一份全量，那么每次全量中会保存很多不变的信息，对存储是极大的浪费;拉链历史表，既能满足反应数据的历史状态，又可以最大程度的节省存储。

链表的更新

假设以天为维度，以每天的最后一个状态为当天的最终状态。以一张订单表为例，如下是原始数据，2023/03/03 的订单状态明细

1 2023-03-03 2023-03-03 创建
2 2023-03-03 2023-03-03 创建
3 2023-03-03 2023-03-03 创建

建表并全量更新

create external table if not exists orders
(orderid      int,createdate   string,modifiedtime string,status       string)row format delimited fields terminated by '\t'location '/tmp/lalian/orders';create table ods_orders_inc
(orderid      int,createdate   string,modifiedtime string,status       string
) partitioned by (day string)row format delimited fields terminated by '\t';insert overwrite table ods_orders_inc partition (day = '2023-03-03')
select orderid, createdate, modifiedtime, status
from orders;create table dws_orders_his
(orderid      int,createdate   string,modifiedtime string,status       string,start_time   string,end_time     string
)row format delimited fields terminated by '\t';insert overwrite table dws_orders_his
select orderid, createdate, modifiedtime, status, modifiedtime, '9999-12-31'
from ods_orders_inc
where day = '2023-03-03';

如下结果

2023/03/04 的订单状态明细

1 2023-03-03 2023-03-03 创建
2 2023-03-03 2023-03-03 创建
3 2023-03-03 2023-03-03 创建
1 2023-03-03 2023-03-04 支付
2 2023-03-03 2023-03-04 支付
4 2023-03-04 2023-03-04 创建

增量更新

insert overwrite table ods_orders_inc partition (day = '2023-03-04')
select orderid, createdate, modifiedtime, status
from orders
where modifiedtime = '2023-03-04';insert overwrite table dws_orders_his
select *
from ((select orderid, createdate, modifiedtime, status, modifiedtime start_time, '9999-12-31' end_timefrom ods_orders_incwhere day = '2023-03-04')union all(select t1.orderid,t1.createdate,t1.modifiedtime,t1.status,t1.start_time,`if`(t2.orderid is not null and t1.end_time > '2023-03-04', '2023-03-04', t1.end_time) end_timefrom dws_orders_his t1left join (select orderid, modifiedtime from ods_orders_inc where day = '2023-03-04') t2on t1.orderid = t2.orderid)) tb1
order by tb1.orderid, tb1.modifiedtime;

结果如下

2023/03/05 的订单状态明细

1 2023-03-03 2023-03-03 创建
2 2023-03-03 2023-03-03 创建
3 2023-03-03 2023-03-03 创建
1 2023-03-03 2023-03-04 支付
2 2023-03-03 2023-03-04 支付
4 2023-03-04 2023-03-04 创建
1 2023-03-03 2023-03-05 完成
3 2023-03-03 2023-03-05 支付
4 2023-03-04 2023-03-05 支付
5 2023-03-05 2023-03-05 创建

增量更新

insert overwrite table ods_orders_inc partition (day = '2023-03-05')
select orderid,createdate,modifiedtime,status
from orders
where modifiedtime = '2023-03-05'or (createdate = '2023-03-05' and modifiedtime = '2023-03-05');insert overwrite table dws_orders_his
select *
from ((select orderid, createdate, modifiedtime, status, modifiedtime start_time, '9999-12-31' end_timefrom ods_orders_incwhere day = '2023-03-05')union all(select t1.orderid,t1.createdate,t1.modifiedtime,t1.status,t1.start_time,`if`(t2.orderid is not null and t1.end_time > '2023-03-05', '2023-03-05', t1.end_time) end_timefrom dws_orders_his t1left join (select orderid, modifiedtime from ods_orders_inc where day = '2023-03-05') t2on t1.orderid = t2.orderid)) tb1
order by tb1.orderid, tb1.modifiedtime;

结果如下