TensorFlow 1.x学习（系列二 ：1）：基本概念TensorFlow的基本介绍，图，会话，会话中的run（），placeholder(),常见的报错
目录
- 1.基本介绍
- 2.图的结构
- 3.会话，会话的run方法
- 4.placeholder
- 5.返回值异常
写在前边的话：之前发布过一个关于TensorFlow1.x的转载系列，自己将基本的TensorFlow操作敲了一遍，但是仍然有很多地方理解的不够深入。所以重开一个系列，跟着网上找到的教程边听边再敲一遍。最终的目的是实现一个新闻分类的demo,代码已有但是之前没有看懂。再往后应该会出一个pytorch的系列，最后目的是将tensorflow1.x的代码用pytorch再实现一遍。
1.基本介绍
tensorflow1.x 有其独有的语法体系，不同于Python代码的是，自定义的变量和函数无法直接输出结果，必须要在会话中完成该操作。
import tensorflow as tf
C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\framework\dtypes.py:517: FutureWarning: Passing (type, 1) or '1type' as a synonym of type is deprecated; in a future version of numpy, it will be understood as (type, (1,)) / '(1,)type'._np_qint8 = np.dtype([("qint8", np.int8, 1)])
C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\framework\dtypes.py:518: FutureWarning: Passing (type, 1) or '1type' as a synonym of type is deprecated; in a future version of numpy, it will be understood as (type, (1,)) / '(1,)type'._np_quint8 = np.dtype([("quint8", np.uint8, 1)])
C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\framework\dtypes.py:519: FutureWarning: Passing (type, 1) or '1type' as a synonym of type is deprecated; in a future version of numpy, it will be understood as (type, (1,)) / '(1,)type'._np_qint16 = np.dtype([("qint16", np.int16, 1)])
C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\framework\dtypes.py:520: FutureWarning: Passing (type, 1) or '1type' as a synonym of type is deprecated; in a future version of numpy, it will be understood as (type, (1,)) / '(1,)type'._np_quint16 = np.dtype([("quint16", np.uint16, 1)])
C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\framework\dtypes.py:521: FutureWarning: Passing (type, 1) or '1type' as a synonym of type is deprecated; in a future version of numpy, it will be understood as (type, (1,)) / '(1,)type'._np_qint32 = np.dtype([("qint32", np.int32, 1)])
C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\framework\dtypes.py:526: FutureWarning: Passing (type, 1) or '1type' as a synonym of type is deprecated; in a future version of numpy, it will be understood as (type, (1,)) / '(1,)type'.np_resource = np.dtype([("resource", np.ubyte, 1)])
# 实现一个加法运算
a = tf.constant(5.0)
b = tf.constant(6.0)
sum1 = tf.add(a,b)# 查看结果
print(a,b)
print(sum1)
Tensor("Const:0", shape=(), dtype=float32) Tensor("Const_1:0", shape=(), dtype=float32)
Tensor("Add:0", shape=(), dtype=float32)
# 在会话中实现
with tf.Session() as sess:print(sess.run(sum1))
11.0
2.图的结构
一些概念：
tensor:张量
operation(op):专门运算的操作节点（注：所有操作都是一个op）
图(graph):你的整个程序的结构
会话(Session):运算程序的图
# 查看默认的图,根据打印的结果可以看到，图的在内存中的位置
graph = tf.get_default_graph()
graph
<tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Graph at 0x1c82a43df60>
# 打印各op的graph属性可以看到，地址都一样，都是该图的一部分
with tf.Session() as sess:print(sess.run(sum1))print(a.graph)print(sum1.graph)print(sess.graph)
11.0
<tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Graph object at 0x000001C82A43DF60>
<tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Graph object at 0x000001C82A43DF60>
<tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Graph object at 0x000001C82A43DF60>
# 一般一个程序里只有一个图，那么如何定义其他图呢
g = tf.Graph()
print(g)
<tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Graph object at 0x000001C82A48E588>
# 可以看到新定义的图和之前的图内存位置并不同
with g.as_default():c = tf.constant(11.0)print(c)print(c.graph)
Tensor("Const:0", shape=(), dtype=float32)
<tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Graph object at 0x000001C82A48E588>
总结：
创建一张图包含了一组op和tensor，上下文环境
op：只要使用tensorflow的API定义的函数都是OP
tensor:指代的就是数据
3.会话，会话的run方法
理解：
可以将tensorflow看做两部分：
前端系统：定义程序的图结构后端系统：运算图结构
会话的作用：
1.运行图的结构2.分配资源计算3.掌握资源（变量的资源，队列，线程）
一次只能运行一个图，可以在会话中指定图去运行tf.Session(graph = )
# 一次只能运行一个图，可以在会话中指定图去运行tf.Session(graph = )
with tf.Session() as sess:print(sess.run(c))print(a.graph)print(sum1.graph)print(sess.graph)# 会报错，因为c是别的图的一部分
# ValueError: Fetch argument <tf.Tensor 'Const:0' shape=() dtype=float32> cannot be interpreted as a Tensor. (Tensor Tensor("Const:0", shape=(), dtype=float32) is not an element of this graph.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in __init__(self, fetches, contraction_fn)281 self._unique_fetches.append(ops.get_default_graph().as_graph_element(
--> 282 fetch, allow_tensor=True, allow_operation=True))283 except TypeError as e:C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\framework\ops.py in as_graph_element(self, obj, allow_tensor, allow_operation)3458 with self._lock:
-> 3459 return self._as_graph_element_locked(obj, allow_tensor, allow_operation)3460 C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\framework\ops.py in _as_graph_element_locked(self, obj, allow_tensor, allow_operation)3537 if obj.graph is not self:
-> 3538 raise ValueError("Tensor %s is not an element of this graph." % obj)3539 return objValueError: Tensor Tensor("Const:0", shape=(), dtype=float32) is not an element of this graph.
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)<ipython-input-10-c64ee74128b9> in <module>1 # 一次只能运行一个图2 with tf.Session() as sess:
----> 3 print(sess.run(c))4 print(a.graph)5 print(sum1.graph)C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in run(self, fetches, feed_dict, options, run_metadata)903 try:904 result = self._run(None, fetches, feed_dict, options_ptr,
--> 905 run_metadata_ptr)906 if run_metadata:907 proto_data = tf_session.TF_GetBuffer(run_metadata_ptr)C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in _run(self, handle, fetches, feed_dict, options, run_metadata)1120 # Create a fetch handler to take care of the structure of fetches.1121 fetch_handler = _FetchHandler(
-> 1122 self._graph, fetches, feed_dict_tensor, feed_handles=feed_handles)1123 1124 # Run request and get response.C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in __init__(self, graph, fetches, feeds, feed_handles)425 """426 with graph.as_default():
--> 427 self._fetch_mapper = _FetchMapper.for_fetch(fetches)428 self._fetches = []429 self._targets = []C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in for_fetch(fetch)251 if isinstance(fetch, tensor_type):252 fetches, contraction_fn = fetch_fn(fetch)
--> 253 return _ElementFetchMapper(fetches, contraction_fn)254 # Did not find anything.255 raise TypeError('Fetch argument %r has invalid type %r' % (fetch,C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in __init__(self, fetches, contraction_fn)287 except ValueError as e:288 raise ValueError('Fetch argument %r cannot be interpreted as a '
--> 289 'Tensor. (%s)' % (fetch, str(e)))290 except KeyError as e:291 raise ValueError('Fetch argument %r cannot be interpreted as a 'ValueError: Fetch argument <tf.Tensor 'Const:0' shape=() dtype=float32> cannot be interpreted as a Tensor. (Tensor Tensor("Const:0", shape=(), dtype=float32) is not an element of this graph.)
指定图运行
# 指定图运行
with tf.Session(graph = g) as sess:print(sess.run(c))print(a.graph) # 这个能正常输出是因为在会话外就定义过print(sum1.graph) # 同上print(sess.graph)
11.0
<tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Graph object at 0x000001C82A43DF60>
<tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Graph object at 0x000001C82A43DF60>
<tensorflow.python.framework.ops.Graph object at 0x000001C82A48E588>
关于sess.run(fetches,feed_dict=None,graph = None):
1.作用：运行ops和计算tensor,相当于是启动整个图2.sess.close():与sess.run()相对应，关闭资源。但是在使用上下文管理器的结构中（with tf.Session as sess:...）可以省略
其他：
3.tf.Session() 中还有另外一个参数config （tf.Session(config = tf.ConfigPorto(log_device_placement=True))）作用是显示你的op具体是在那个设备上运行的以及其他详细情况。4.交互式：在命令行里使用，tf.interactiveSession(),方便调试，结合变量.eval()比较方便
例1:一次run多个
# 例1:一次run多个
with tf.Session() as sess:print(sess.run([a,b,sum1]))
[5.0, 6.0, 11.0]
2-1：run只能运行op和tensor
# 例2-1：run只能运行op和tensor
var1 = 2
var2 = 3
sum2 = var1 + var2
with tf.Session() as sess:print(sess.run(sum2))# TypeError: Fetch argument 5 has invalid type <class 'int'>, must be a string or Tensor. (Can not convert a int into a Tensor or Operation.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in __init__(self, fetches, contraction_fn)281 self._unique_fetches.append(ops.get_default_graph().as_graph_element(
--> 282 fetch, allow_tensor=True, allow_operation=True))283 except TypeError as e:C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\framework\ops.py in as_graph_element(self, obj, allow_tensor, allow_operation)3458 with self._lock:
-> 3459 return self._as_graph_element_locked(obj, allow_tensor, allow_operation)3460 C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\framework\ops.py in _as_graph_element_locked(self, obj, allow_tensor, allow_operation)3547 raise TypeError("Can not convert a %s into a %s." % (type(obj).__name__,
-> 3548 types_str))3549 TypeError: Can not convert a int into a Tensor or Operation.
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)<ipython-input-13-31c14cd7002b> in <module>4 sum2 = var1 + var25 with tf.Session() as sess:
----> 6 print(sess.run(sum2))C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in run(self, fetches, feed_dict, options, run_metadata)903 try:904 result = self._run(None, fetches, feed_dict, options_ptr,
--> 905 run_metadata_ptr)906 if run_metadata:907 proto_data = tf_session.TF_GetBuffer(run_metadata_ptr)C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in _run(self, handle, fetches, feed_dict, options, run_metadata)1120 # Create a fetch handler to take care of the structure of fetches.1121 fetch_handler = _FetchHandler(
-> 1122 self._graph, fetches, feed_dict_tensor, feed_handles=feed_handles)1123 1124 # Run request and get response.C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in __init__(self, graph, fetches, feeds, feed_handles)425 """426 with graph.as_default():
--> 427 self._fetch_mapper = _FetchMapper.for_fetch(fetches)428 self._fetches = []429 self._targets = []C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in for_fetch(fetch)251 if isinstance(fetch, tensor_type):252 fetches, contraction_fn = fetch_fn(fetch)
--> 253 return _ElementFetchMapper(fetches, contraction_fn)254 # Did not find anything.255 raise TypeError('Fetch argument %r has invalid type %r' % (fetch,C:\Anaconda\envs\tensorflow16\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\client\session.py in __init__(self, fetches, contraction_fn)284 raise TypeError('Fetch argument %r has invalid type %r, '285 'must be a string or Tensor. (%s)' %
--> 286 (fetch, type(fetch), str(e)))287 except ValueError as e:288 raise ValueError('Fetch argument %r cannot be interpreted as a 'TypeError: Fetch argument 5 has invalid type <class 'int'>, must be a string or Tensor. (Can not convert a int into a Tensor or Operation.)
例2-2 有重载的机制，默认会给运算符重载成op类型
# 例2-2 有重载的机制，默认会给运算符重载成op类型
var1 = 2.0
sum2 = a + var1
with tf.Session() as sess:print(sess.run(sum2))
7.0
4.placeholder
应用场景：训练模型时需要实时提供数据去训练
介绍：
1.placeholder是一个占位符，使用中充当feed_dict字典中的键2.参数：placeholder(dtype,shape = None,name = None)
例1 ：placeholder的使用
# 例1 ：placeholder的使用
plt = tf.placeholder(tf.float32,[2,3])with tf.Session(config = tf.ConfigProto(log_device_placement = True)) as sess:print(sess.run(plt,feed_dict = {plt:[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]}))
[[1. 2. 3.][4. 5. 6.]]
例2 ：placeholder的使用2（样本行数不固定）
# 例2 ：placeholder的使用2（样本行数不固定）
plt = tf.placeholder(tf.float32,[None,3]) # n行3列with tf.Session(config = tf.ConfigProto(log_device_placement = True)) as sess:print(sess.run(plt,feed_dict = {plt:[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]}))
[[1. 2. 3.][4. 5. 6.][7. 8. 9.]]
5.返回值异常
RuntimeError: 如果它Session处于无效状态（例如已关闭）。
TypeError:如果fetches或feed_dict键是不合适的类型。
ValueError:如果fetches或feed_dict键无效或引用tensor不存在