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强化学习：用Python训练一个简单的机器人

news 2025/8/3 2:43:38

一、介绍

强化学习（RL）是一个令人兴奋的研究领域，它使机器能够通过与环境的交互来学习。在这篇博客中，我们将深入到RL的世界，并探索如何使用Python训练一个简单的机器人。在本文结束时，您将对 RL 概念有基本的了解，并能够实现自己的 RL 代理。

设置环境：首先，让我们为机器人设置一个简单的环境。我们将创建一个2D网格世界，机器人需要从起始位置导航到目标位置，同时避开障碍物。

# Define the environment
grid_size = 5
num_actions = 4
start_state = (0, 0)
goal_state = (grid_size - 1, grid_size - 1)
obstacles = [(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)]

二、实现代理

我们将使用Q学习算法，一种流行的RL技术，来训练我们的机器人。Q 学习涉及构建一个表，称为 Q 表，该表将状态操作对映射到相应的 Q 值。这些 Q 值表示代理通过在给定状态下执行特定操作可以获得的预期奖励。

import numpy as np# Initialize the Q-table
q_table = np.zeros((grid_size, grid_size, num_actions))# Set hyperparameters
alpha = 0.1  # Learning rate
gamma = 0.6  # Discount factor
epsilon = 0.1  # Exploration vs. exploitation factor# Define reward and transition functions
def get_reward(state):if state == goal_state:return 10elif state in obstacles:return -10else:return -1def get_next_state(state, action):x, y = stateif action == 0:  # Move upnext_state = (max(x - 1, 0), y)elif action == 1:  # Move downnext_state = (min(x + 1, grid_size - 1), y)elif action == 2:  # Move leftnext_state = (x, max(y - 1, 0))else:  # Move rightnext_state = (x, min(y + 1, grid_size - 1))return next_state

三、训练循环

现在，让我们使用 Q 学习算法实现训练循环。代理将探索环境，根据收到的奖励更新Q值，并逐步改进其决策过程。

# Training loop
num_episodes = 1000
for episode in range(num_episodes):state = start_statedone = Falsewhile not done:# Exploration vs. exploitationif np.random.uniform(0, 1) < epsilon:action = np.random.randint(num_actions)else:action = np.argmax(q_table[state])next_state = get_next_state(state, action)reward = get_reward(next_state)# Update Q-valueq_table[state][action] += alpha * (reward + gamma * np.max(q_table[next_state]) - q_table[state][action])state = next_stateif state == goal_state or state in obstacles:done = True

四、测试：

训练完成后，我们可以通过让训练代理使用学习的 Q 值在环境中导航来评估其性能。

# Testing the trained agent
state = start_state
done = Falsewhile not done:action = np.argmax(q_table[state])next_state = get_next_state(state, action)reward = get_reward(next_state)state = next_stateprint(f"Current state: {state}")if state == goal_state or state in obstacles:done = True