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Linux常见服务器配置（三）：MariaDB数据库管理和WEB服务器

news 2025/8/9 10:23:31

MariaDB 数据库管理

介绍 MariaDB

数据库介绍

数据库是以一定方式存储在计算机中的数据集合，其核心目的是方便数据的存储、管理、查询和维护。它是现代应用系统中的核心组件之一。数据库通常通过数据库管理系统（DBMS）来进行操作。

数据库的优势：

数据集中管理，避免冗余
数据共享性强，支持多用户访问
数据一致性与完整性高
可扩展性好，便于后期维护
提供强大的查询语言（如 SQL）

数据库种类

数据库按照数据模型可分为以下几类：

类别	简介	举例
关系型数据库	使用表格（关系）来存储数据，数据之间通过外键关联	MySQL、PostgreSQL、Oracle
非关系型数据库	不以表结构存储数据，适合存储海量和非结构化数据	MongoDB、Redis、Cassandra
文档型数据库	数据以 JSON、XML 等格式的文档形式存储	MongoDB
键值型数据库	每个数据项由键值对构成，访问速度快	Redis、Riak
图数据库	用于存储复杂网络关系，如社交图谱、推荐系统	Neo4j、ArangoDB
时序数据库	主要用于处理时间序列数据，如监控、日志	InfluxDB、Prometheus

关系数据库

关系数据库是基于关系模型构建的数据库系统，使用二维表（行和列）来组织数据，每个表对应一个关系。

关系数据库的特点

数据以表格形式存储
使用结构化查询语言（SQL）进行操作
支持事务（ACID）
数据间可通过主键和外键建立关联

MariaDB 介绍

MariaDB 是 MySQL 的一个分支，由 MySQL 的创始人于 Oracle 收购后创建，以保持其开源性和社区控制。

MariaDB 的特点

完全开源，兼容 MySQL
使用与 MySQL 相同的 SQL 语法和 API
提供了更强的存储引擎支持（如 Aria、ColumnStore）
性能优化方面优于 MySQL（例如并行查询）
适用于中小型到大型系统

部署 MariaDB

安装 MariaDB

# 安装[root@server ~ 09:57:54]# yum install -y mariadb-server[root@client ~ 09:58:00]# yum install -y mariadb# 启动服务[root@server ~ 09:59:47]# systemctl enable mariadb --nowCreated symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.# 授予所有权限基于所有数据库中所有表给yuxb从任何客户端用户密码为123MariaDB [(none)]> grant all privileges on *.* to yuxb@'%' identified by '123';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

加固 MariaDB

交互式提示您进行更改，包括

为root帐户设置密码。
禁止root帐户从本地主机外部访问数据库。
删除匿名用户帐户。
删除用于演示的test数据库。

[root@server ~ 10:00:34]# mysql_secure_installation

连接 MariaDB

MariaDB客户端可以通过两种方式连接到服务器：

# 登录# quit退出[root@server ~ 10:01:57]# mysql -u root -pEnter password: Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.Your MariaDB connection id is 11Server version: 5.5.68-MariaDB MariaDB ServerCopyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]>[root@server ~ 10:02:54]# mysql -u root -p123Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.Your MariaDB connection id is 12Server version: 5.5.68-MariaDB MariaDB ServerCopyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]> # client端链接[root@client ~ 09:58:29]# mysql -u yuxb -p123 -h 10.1.8.10Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.Your MariaDB connection id is 14Server version: 5.5.68-MariaDB MariaDB ServerCopyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]>

配置 MariaDB

默认情况下，MariaDB 侦听系统中所有网络地址上3306/TCP端口。

MariaDB 配置文件

主配置文件 /etc/my.cnf
辅助配置文件 /etc/my.conf.d/*

[root@client ~ 10:22:53]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/client.cnf[client]user=yuxbpassword=123host=10.1.8.10port=3306

MariaDB 中 SQL

描述 SQL

SQL是用于访问和操作关系型数据库的标准语言。它是一种声明式语言，用户只需描述“做什么”，而不必关心“怎么做”。

SQL 主要用于

查询数据
插入数据
更新数据
删除数据
创建和管理数据库对象（如表、视图、索引、用户等）
控制访问权限

连接数据库

[root@server ~ 10:31:37]# mysql -uroot -p123Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.Your MariaDB connection id is 19Server version: 5.5.68-MariaDB MariaDB ServerCopyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]>

数据库操作

查询数据库列表

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;+--------------------+| Database           |+--------------------+| information_schema || mysql              || performance_schema |+--------------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> create database wordpress;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;+--------------------+| Database           |+--------------------+| information_schema || mysql              || performance_schema || wordpress          |+--------------------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

删除数据库

MariaDB [mysql]> drop database wordpress ;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [mysql]> show databases;+--------------------+| Database           |+--------------------+| information_schema || mysql              || performance_schema |+--------------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

表操作

环境准备

# 导入备份[root@server ~ 10:36:23]# mysql -uroot -p123  inventory  < inventory.dump

查询表

查询表列表

MariaDB [(none)]> use inventory;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -ADatabase changed
MariaDB [inventory]> show tables;
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_inventory |
+---------------------+
| category            |
| manufacturer        |
| product             |
+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查询表结构

MariaDB [inventory]> desc product;
+-----------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field           | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-----------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id              | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name            | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| price           | double       | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| stock           | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| id_category     | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| id_manufacturer | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
+-----------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

输出显示，表格中有六列（属性）：

Field 列，显示该属性名称。
Type 列，显示该属性的数据必须采用的格式。例如，stock属性必须是最多11位数字的整数。
Null 列，指示此属性是否可以为null。
Default 列，指示如果未指定该属性，则是否设置了默认值。
Key 列，显示属性ID是primary key。主键是表中一行的唯一标识符。该属性的任何其他行都不能具有相同的值。
Extra列，提供该列额外信息，对于id字段标记为auto_increment。这意味着每次将新项目插入表中时，该条目的属性值都会增加。这样可以更轻松地使数字主键保持唯一。

查询表中数据

查询表中所有记录所有字段

MariaDB [inventory]> select * from product;
+----+-------------------+---------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
| id | name              | price   | stock | id_category | id_manufacturer |
+----+-------------------+---------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
|  1 | ThinkServer TS140 |  539.88 |    20 |           2 |               4 |
|  2 | ThinkServer RD630 | 2379.14 |    20 |           2 |               4 |
|  3 | RT-AC68U          |  219.99 |    10 |           1 |               3 |
|  4 | X110 64GB         |   73.84 |   100 |           3 |               1 |
+----+-------------------+---------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查询表中所有记录特定字段

MariaDB [inventory]> select name from product;
+-------------------+
| name              |
+-------------------+
| ThinkServer TS140 |
| ThinkServer RD630 |
| RT-AC68U          |
| X110 64GB         |
+-------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

WHERE子句

MariaDB [inventory]> select name from product where id =1;
+-------------------+
| name              |
+-------------------+
| ThinkServer TS140 |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)MariaDB [inventory]> select * from product where id=1;
+----+-------------------+--------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
| id | name              | price  | stock | id_category | id_manufacturer |
+----+-------------------+--------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
|  1 | ThinkServer TS140 | 539.88 |    20 |           2 |               4 |
+----+-------------------+--------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

条件操作数

Operator	Description
=	Equal
<>	Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL, this operator may be written as !=
>	Greater than
<	Less than
>=	Greater than or equal
<=	Less than or equal
BETWEEN	Between an inclusive range
LIKE	Search for a pattern
IN	Specify multiple possible values for a column

多表查询

# 示例1：产品类型是Servers的产品名称和价格
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT product.name,product.price-> FROM product,category-> WHERE product.id_category = category.id -> AND category.name='Servers';
+-------------------+---------+
| name              | price   |
+-------------------+---------+
| ThinkServer TS140 |  539.88 |
| ThinkServer RD630 | 2379.14 |
+-------------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)# 示例2：查询厂商是Lenovo的产品名称和价格
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT product.name,product.price-> FROM product,manufacturer -> WHERE product.id_manufacturer = manufacturer.id-> AND manufacturer.name='Lenovo';
+-------------------+---------+
| name              | price   |
+-------------------+---------+
| ThinkServer TS140 |  539.88 |
| ThinkServer RD630 | 2379.14 |
+-------------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

函数

# 示例1：查询产品价格平均值
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT avg(price) FROM product;
+-------------------+
| avg(price)        |
+-------------------+
| 803.2125000000001 |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)# 示例2：查询产品价格最大值
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT max(price) FROM product;
+------------+
| max(price) |
+------------+
|    2379.14 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)# 示例3：查询产品价格最小值
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT min(price) FROM product;
+------------+
| min(price) |
+------------+
|      73.84 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)# 示例4：查询产品存量
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT sum(stock) FROM product;
+------------+
| sum(stock) |
+------------+
|        150 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)# 示例5：查询产品价格最小值的那个产品信息
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT min(price) FROM product;
+------------+
| min(price) |
+------------+
|      73.84 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT * FROM product WHERE price=73.84;
+----+-----------+-------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
| id | name      | price | stock | id_category | id_manufacturer |
+----+-----------+-------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
|  4 | X110 64GB | 73.84 |   100 |           3 |               1 |
+----+-----------+-------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT * FROM product WHERE price=(SELECT min(price) FROM product);
+----+-----------+-------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
| id | name      | price | stock | id_category | id_manufacturer |
+----+-----------+-------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
|  4 | X110 64GB | 73.84 |   100 |           3 |               1 |
+----+-----------+-------+-------+-------------+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)# 示例6：查询Lenovo厂商提供了几种产品
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT count(product.name)-> FROM product,manufacturer -> WHERE product.id_manufacturer = manufacturer.id-> AND manufacturer.name='Lenovo';
+---------------------+
| count(product.name) |
+---------------------+
|                   2 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)# GROUP BY 语句用于结合聚合函数，根据一个或多个列对结果集进行分组。
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT id_category,sum(stock) FROM product GROUP BY id_category;
+-------------+------------+
| id_category | sum(stock) |
+-------------+------------+
|           1 |         10 |
|           2 |         40 |
|           3 |        100 |
+-------------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

创建表

MariaDB [inventory]> CREATE TABLE staff(-> id INT(11) NOT NULL,-> name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,-> age INT(11)  DEFAULT 10,-> id_department INT(11) -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)MariaDB [inventory]> show tables;
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_inventory |
+---------------------+
| category            |
| manufacturer        |
| product             |
| staff               |
+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

插入记录

MariaDB [inventory]> INSERT INTO staff (id,name,age,id_department)-> VALUES (1,'yuxb1',28,10);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [inventory]> INSERT INTO staff (id,name,age) VALUES (2,'yuxb2',20);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [inventory]> INSERT INTO staff (id,name) VALUES (3,'yuxb3');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [inventory]> select * from staff;
+----+-------+------+---------------+
| id | name  | age  | id_department |
+----+-------+------+---------------+
|  1 | yuxb1 |   28 |            10 |
|  2 | yuxb2 |   20 |          NULL |
|  3 | yuxb3 |   10 |          NULL |
+----+-------+------+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

更新记录

MariaDB [inventory]> UPDATE staff SET age=30 WHERE id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0MariaDB [inventory]> UPDATE staff SET age=30-> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 3  Changed: 2  Warnings: 0MariaDB [inventory]> select * from staff;
+----+-------+------+---------------+
| id | name  | age  | id_department |
+----+-------+------+---------------+
|  1 | yuxb1 |   30 |            10 |
|  2 | yuxb2 |   30 |          NULL |
|  3 | yuxb3 |   30 |          NULL |
+----+-------+------+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

删除记录

MariaDB [inventory]> DELETE FROM staff WHERE id=3 ;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [inventory]> DELETE FROM staff ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [inventory]> select * from staff;
Empty set (0.01 sec)

删除表

MariaDB [inventory]> DROP TABLE staff ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [inventory]> show tables;
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_inventory |
+---------------------+
| category            |
| manufacturer        |
| product             |
+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

管理 MariaDB 用户

创建用户账户

MariaDB [(none)]> create user laowang@'%' identified by '123'-> ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [mysql]> select host,user,password from user where user = 'laowang';
+------+---------+-------------------------------------------+
| host | user    | password                                  |
+------+---------+-------------------------------------------+
| %    | laowang | *23AE809DDACAF96AF0FD78ED04B6A265E05AA257 |
+------+---------+-------------------------------------------+

控制用户权限

[root@server ~ 13:50:23]# mysql -u laowang -p123
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 27
Server version: 5.5.68-MariaDB MariaDB ServerCopyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]> MariaDB [(none)]> select user();
+-------------------+
| user()            |
+-------------------+
| laowang@localhost |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)# 什么也弄不了
MariaDB [(none)]> use mysql;
ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user 'laowang'@'%' to database 'mysql'
MariaDB [(none)]> create database inventory;
ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user 'laowang'@'%' to database 'inventory'
MariaDB [(none)]>

查询用户权限

MariaDB [(none)]> show grants for root@localhost;
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost                                                                                                              |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*23AE809DDACAF96AF0FD78ED04B6A265E05AA257' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION                                                                           |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

授予用户权限

MariaDB [(none)]> grant select,update,delete,insert on inventory.category to laowang@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

验证权限

[root@server ~ 14:13:51]# mysql -u laowang -p123
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 44
Server version: 5.5.68-MariaDB MariaDB ServerCopyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]> use inventory;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -ADatabase changed
MariaDB [inventory]> select * from category;
+----+------------+
| id | name       |
+----+------------+
|  1 | Networking |
|  2 | Servers    |
|  3 | Ssd        |
+----+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)MariaDB [inventory]>

回收用户权限

MariaDB [(none)]> revoke select,update,delete,insert on inventory.category from laowang@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

删除用户

如果删除了当前连接的帐户，则在关闭连接之前不会删除该帐户，关闭连接之后才会删除该帐户。

MariaDB [(none)]> drop user laowang@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

更改用户密码

# root用户修改普通用户账户密码
MariaDB [mysql]> UPDATE user SET password=PASSWORD('mypass') where user='laowang' and host='%';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0# 或者
MariaDB [(none)]> SET PASSWORD FOR 'laowang'@'%' = PASSWORD('mypass');# 普通用户修改自己账户密码
MariaDB [(none)]> SET PASSWORD = PASSWORD('mypass');
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

备份和恢复

备份方式

物理备份

# 先停止服务
[root@server ~ 14:45:18]# systemctl stop mariadb
[root@server ~ 14:45:37]# systemctl status mariadb
● mariadb.service - MariaDB database serverLoaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)Active: inactive (dead) since 五 2025-08-08 14:45:37 CST; 4s agoProcess: 1557 ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/mariadb-wait-ready $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Process: 1555 ExecStart=/usr/bin/mysqld_safe --basedir=/usr (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Process: 1472 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mariadb-prepare-db-dir %n (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Main PID: 1555 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)8月 08 10:00:00 server.yuxb.cloud mariadb-prepare-db-dir[1472]: The latest information about Ma....
8月 08 10:00:00 server.yuxb.cloud mariadb-prepare-db-dir[1472]: You can find additional informa...:
8月 08 10:00:00 server.yuxb.cloud mariadb-prepare-db-dir[1472]: http://dev.mysql.com
8月 08 10:00:00 server.yuxb.cloud mariadb-prepare-db-dir[1472]: Consider joining MariaDB's stro...:
8月 08 10:00:00 server.yuxb.cloud mariadb-prepare-db-dir[1472]: https://mariadb.org/get-involved/
8月 08 10:00:00 server.yuxb.cloud mysqld_safe[1555]: 250808 10:00:00 mysqld_safe Logging to '/...'.
8月 08 10:00:00 server.yuxb.cloud mysqld_safe[1555]: 250808 10:00:00 mysqld_safe Starting mysq...ql
8月 08 10:00:02 server.yuxb.cloud systemd[1]: Started MariaDB database server.
8月 08 14:45:34 server.yuxb.cloud systemd[1]: Stopping MariaDB database server...
8月 08 14:45:37 server.yuxb.cloud systemd[1]: Stopped MariaDB database server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.# 备份
[root@server ~ 14:45:41]# cp -r /var/lib/mysql{,.back}
[root@server ~ 14:46:39]# systemctl start mariadb# 删除用户
[root@server ~ 14:46:56]# mysql -uroot -p123
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.68-MariaDB MariaDB ServerCopyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]> drop user root@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> drop user root@127.0.0.1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> quit
Bye# 会发现登不上了
[root@server ~ 14:48:41]# mysql -uroot -p123
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)# 开始恢复
# 改权限的时候用下面两个直接就能修改
# chmod 660 /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.*
# chown mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.*
[root@server ~ 14:48:42]# systemctl stop mariadb
[root@server ~ 14:49:19]# cd /var/lib/mysql
[root@server mysql 14:49:36]# ls
aria_log.00000001  ibdata1      ib_logfile1  mysql
aria_log_control   ib_logfile0  inventory    performance_schema
[root@server mysql 14:49:37]# /bin/cp /var/lib/mysql.back/mysql/user.* mysql
[root@server ~ 14:50:47]# cd /var/lib/mysql.back/mysql/
[root@server mysql 14:51:11]# chmod 660 user.*
[root@server mysql 14:51:22]# cd ..
[root@server mysql.back 14:51:27]# chown mysql:mysql mysql/user.*
[root@server ~ 14:52:06]# systemctl start mariadb# 验证
[root@server ~ 14:52:11]# mysql -uroot -p123
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.68-MariaDB MariaDB ServerCopyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]>

WEB 服务器

WEB 服务器简介

Web 服务器（Web Server）是指一种接收客户端（如浏览器）发送的 HTTP 请求，并返回网页内容或资源的程序或设备。它是万维网（WWW）的核心组成部分。

Web 服务器的主要功能

功能	说明
处理请求	接收来自浏览器的 HTTP 请求，如访问网页、提交表单等。
响应请求	将 HTML 文件、图片等资源返回给客户端。
支持动态内容	配合 CGI、PHP、Java、Python 等脚本语言，生成动态网页。
虚拟主机	在一台服务器上运行多个网站，每个网站独立访问。
安全控制	支持访问控制、SSL/TLS 加密传输等，提高数据安全性。
日志记录	记录访问日志，便于运维分析和排错。

常见web服务器

Apache

Apache HTTP Server 是最早、最流行的开源 Web 服务器之一，由 Apache 软件基金会维护。

特点：
- 支持模块化扩展（如 PHP、SSL、URL 重写等）；
- 支持 .htaccess 文件进行目录级配置；
- 跨平台（支持 Linux、Windows 等）；
- 功能强大但资源消耗相对较高；
应用场景：适用于大多数网站，尤其是中小型 Web 应用。

Nginx

Nginx（Engine X） 是一个轻量级、高性能的 Web 服务器和反向代理服务器。

特点：
- 异步非阻塞架构，适合高并发场景；
- 占用内存少，处理速度快；
- 可用于负载均衡、反向代理、缓存加速等；
- 配置简单，稳定性高；
应用场景：高流量网站、API 网关、动静分离部署。

Lighttpd

Lighttpd（Lighty） 是一个专为高性能环境设计的小巧型 Web 服务器。

特点：
- 占用资源极低，适合嵌入式系统或小型服务器；
- 支持 FastCGI、SCGI、URL 重写等；
- 配置简洁，适合静态网站；
应用场景：资源受限环境、小型网站或轻量级应用。

Tomcat

Apache Tomcat 是一个开源的 Java Web 应用服务器，由 Apache 基金会开发。

特点：
- 原生支持 Servlet 和 JSP；
- 可以处理动态 Java Web 内容；
- 本质上是一个 Java 容器（并非传统意义上的 Web Server）；
应用场景：基于 Java 开发的网站或系统（如 Spring Boot 应用）。

IIS

Internet Information Services（IIS） 是微软开发的 Web 服务器，仅适用于 Windows 系统。

特点：
- 与 Windows 系统和 .NET Framework 深度集成；
- 图形化界面配置，易于管理；
- 支持 ASP.NET、PHP 等语言；
应用场景：企业或政府内部网站、基于 Microsoft 技术栈的项目。

Nginx

Nginx是一款高性能的HTTP和反向代理服务器，能够选择高效的epoll、kqueue、eventport最为网络I/O模型，在高连接并发的情况下，能够支持高达5万个并发连接数的响应，而内存、CPU等系统资源消耗却非常低，运行非常稳定。

安装 nginx

# 安装 nginx
[root@server ~ 15:14:12]# yum install -y nginx# 启动 nginx
[root@server ~ 15:14:30]# systemctl enable nginx --now
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.# 准备主页
[root@server ~ 15:15:13]# mv /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html{,.ori}
[root@server ~ 15:15:35]# echo Hello World From Nginx > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html# 防火墙
[root@server ~ 15:17:49]# firewall-cmd --add-service=http --permanent
success
[root@server ~ 15:17:51]# firewall-cmd --reload
success# 测试
10.1.8.10# windows客户端修改C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts

虚拟主机

同一个web服务器提供多个站点。

根据名称

[root@server ~ 15:14:11]# cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/
[root@server conf.d 15:51:45]# ls
[root@server conf.d 15:51:46]# vim vhost-web1.conf
[root@server conf.d 15:55:48]# vim vhost-web2.conf
# 这个模板是在/etc/nginx里面的 nginx.conf
[root@server conf.d 15:55:56]# cat vhost-web1.conf 
server {listen       80;listen       [::]:80;server_name  web1.yuxb.cloud;root         /website/web1.yuxb.cloud;# Load configuration files for the default server block.include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
}

[root@server nginx 15:56:52]# mkdir -p /website/web1.yuxb.cloud
[root@server nginx 15:57:41]# mkdir -p /website/web2.yuxb.cloud
[root@server nginx 15:57:44]# echo hello web1 > /website/web1.yuxb.cloud/index.html
[root@server nginx 15:58:09]# echo hello web2 > /website/web2.yuxb.cloud/index.html
[root@server nginx 15:58:16]# systemctl restart nginx.service # 验证
# 浏览器输入
http://web1.yuxb.cloud/
http://web2.yuxb.cloud/

配置SSL/TLS

生成证书

# 生成私钥
[root@server ~ 16:51:38]# openssl genrsa -out www.key 2048
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
.........+++
................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)# 生成请求文件csr
[root@server ~ 16:51:57]# openssl req -new -key www.key -out www.csr -subj "/C=CN/ST=JS/L=NJ/O=LM/OU=DEVOPS/CN=www.yuxb.cloud/emailAddress=yuxb@yuxb.cloud"[root@server ~ 17:24:35]# openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in www.csr -signkey www.key -out www.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=CN/ST=JS/L=NJ/O=LM/OU=DEVOPS/CN=www.yuxb.cloud/emailAddress=yuxb@yuxb.cloud
Getting Private key

配置站点

[root@server conf.d 17:08:09]# vim vhost-ssl.conf
[root@server conf.d 17:13:36]# cat vhost-ssl.conf 
server {listen       443 ssl http2;listen       [::]:443 ssl http2;server_name  www.yuxb.cloud;root         /usr/share/nginx/html;ssl_certificate "/etc/pki/nginx/server.crt";ssl_certificate_key "/etc/pki/nginx/private/www.key";
}[root@server ~ 17:10:29]# mkdir -p /etc/pki/nginx/
[root@server ~ 17:13:40]# mkdir -p /etc/pki/nginx/private/[root@server ~ 17:16:39]# cp www.crt /etc/pki/nginx/www.crt
[root@server ~ 17:13:52]# cp www.key /etc/pki/nginx/private/www.key[root@server conf.d 17:37:29]# ls -l /etc/pki/nginx/www.crt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1265 8月   8 17:35 /etc/pki/nginx/www.crt
[root@server conf.d 17:39:26]# ls -l /etc/pki/nginx/private/www.key
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1679 8月   8 17:13 /etc/pki/nginx/private/www.key[root@server ~ 17:35:02]# systemctl restart nginx[root@server ~ 17:39:13]# systemctl start firewalld.service 
[root@server ~ 17:40:13]# firewall-cmd --add-service=https --permanent
success
[root@server ~ 17:40:15]# firewall-cmd --reload
success# 配置解析
[root@server ~ 17:45:51]# vim /etc/hosts
[root@server ~ 17:46:48]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
10.1.8.10 www.yuxb.cloud# 测试
[root@server ~ 17:46:22]# curl  http://www.yuxb.cloud/
hello web1
[root@server ~ 17:46:20]# curl -k https://www.yuxb.cloud/
Hello World From Nginx# 去浏览器输入验证
https://www.yuxb.cloud/

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