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Django Admin 配置详解

news 2025/7/15 9:40:02

Django 的管理界面是一个强大的工具，可帮助你轻松管理网站内容。下面详细介绍如何配置和定制 Django Admin。

1. 启用 Django Admin

首先确保 django.contrib.admin 已在 settings.py 中启用：

# settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = ['django.contrib.admin','django.contrib.auth','django.contrib.contenttypes','django.contrib.sessions','django.contrib.messages','django.contrib.staticfiles',# 你的应用
]

在 urls.py 中添加 Admin 路由：

# urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import pathurlpatterns = [path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]

2. 创建管理员账户

python manage.py createsuperuser

按照提示输入用户名、邮箱和密码。

3. 注册模型到 Admin

在应用的 admin.py 中注册模型：

# myapp/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Author, Book, Categoryadmin.site.register(Author)
admin.site.register(Book)
admin.site.register(Category)

4. 自定义 Admin 界面

4.1 自定义 ModelAdmin

# myapp/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Author, Book, Category@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display = ('title', 'author', 'publication_date', 'is_published')list_filter = ('author', 'publication_date', 'categories')search_fields = ('title', 'author__name')ordering = ('-publication_date',)date_hierarchy = 'publication_date'fieldsets = ((None, {'fields': ('title', 'author', 'categories')}),('Advanced options', {'classes': ('collapse',),'fields': ('publication_date', 'is_published', 'description'),}),)filter_horizontal = ('categories',)

4.2 自定义列表页

@admin.register(Author)
class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_display = ('name', 'email', 'birth_date', 'age')list_per_page = 50list_editable = ('email',)list_display_links = ('name',)def age(self, obj):import datetimeif obj.birth_date:return datetime.date.today().year - obj.birth_date.yearreturn "N/A"age.short_description = 'Age'

4.3 自定义编辑页

@admin.register(Category)
class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('name',)}readonly_fields = ('created_at', 'updated_at')def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):if not change:  # 创建时obj.created_by = request.userobj.updated_by = request.usersuper().save_model(request, obj, form, change)

5. 添加自定义操作

@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):actions = ['mark_as_published', 'mark_as_unpublished']def mark_as_published(self, request, queryset):rows_updated = queryset.update(is_published=True)self.message_user(request, f'Successfully published {rows_updated} books.')mark_as_published.short_description = "Mark selected books as published"def mark_as_unpublished(self, request, queryset):rows_updated = queryset.update(is_published=False)self.message_user(request, f'Successfully unpublished {rows_updated} books.')mark_as_unpublished.short_description = "Mark selected books as unpublished"

6. 自定义 Admin 站点

# myproject/admin.py
from django.contrib.admin import AdminSite
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _class MyAdminSite(AdminSite):site_header = _('My Bookstore Admin')site_title = _('My Bookstore Admin Portal')index_title = _('Welcome to My Bookstore')logout_template = 'admin/logout.html'admin_site = MyAdminSite(name='myadmin')# 注册模型到自定义站点
from myapp.models import Author, Book
admin_site.register(Author)
admin_site.register(Book)

修改 urls.py 使用自定义站点：

# myproject/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from .admin import admin_siteurlpatterns = [path('admin/', admin_site.urls),
]

7. 自定义 Admin 模板

myproject/templates/admin/base_site.htmlindex.htmlbook/change_list.html

自定义基础模板示例：

<!-- templates/admin/base_site.html -->
{% extends "admin/base.html" %}{% block title %}{{ title }} | {{ site_title|default:_('Django site admin') }}{% endblock %}{% block branding %}
<h1 id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">My Bookstore Admin</a></h1>
{% endblock %}{% block nav-global %}{% endblock %}

8. 添加自定义视图

# myapp/admin.py
from django.urls import path
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.contrib import admin@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):# ...def get_urls(self):urls = super().get_urls()custom_urls = [path('stats/', self.admin_site.admin_view(self.stats_view), name='book-stats'),]return custom_urls + urlsdef stats_view(self, request):total_books = Book.objects.count()published_books = Book.objects.filter(is_published=True).count()context = {**self.admin_site.each_context(request),'title': 'Book Statistics','total_books': total_books,'published_books': published_books,}return render(request, 'admin/book_stats.html', context)

9. 多对多字段优化

使用 filter_horizontal 或 filter_vertical：

@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):filter_horizontal = ('categories',)# 或者使用 filter_vertical# filter_vertical = ('categories',)

10. 只读字段和权限控制

@admin.register(Author)
class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):readonly_fields = ('created_at', 'updated_at')def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):# 只有超级用户可以删除作者return request.user.is_superuserdef has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):# 限制普通管理员修改某些字段if obj and request.user.has_perm('myapp.change_author'):return Truereturn False

11. 日期层级导航

@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):date_hierarchy = 'publication_date'

12. 自定义过滤器

from django.contrib.admin import SimpleListFilterclass PublishedListFilter(SimpleListFilter):title = 'Publication Status'parameter_name = 'status'def lookups(self, request, model_admin):return (('published', 'Published'),('unpublished', 'Unpublished'),)def queryset(self, request, queryset):if self.value() == 'published':return queryset.filter(is_published=True)if self.value() == 'unpublished':return queryset.filter(is_published=False)@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):list_filter = (PublishedListFilter,)

13. 内联模型

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Author, Bookclass BookInline(admin.TabularInline):model = Bookextra = 1fields = ('title', 'publication_date', 'is_published')@admin.register(Author)
class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):inlines = [BookInline]