RabbitMQ使用topic Exchange实现微服务分组订阅

        案例场景：用户下单后需要多个微服务（如营销、会员）分别订阅并处理订单事件，且每个微服务可能有多个集群实例，需要保证同一个微服务的集群中，只有一个实例消费到消息。

        不同于Kafka和rocketMQ有分组消费的功能，rabbitMQ需要通过topic Exchange实现。

        1、消息设计

{"event_type": "order_created",  // 事件类型（如下单、支付成功）"order_id": "123456","user_id": "user_789","items": [{"product_id": "p1001", "quantity": 2},{"product_id": "p1002", "quantity": 1}],"total_amount": 399.00,"created_at": "2025-07-01T12:00:00Z"
}

        2、rabbitMQ设计

        使用 topic 类型的 Exchange：支持灵活的路由规则，不同微服务可通过 binding key 订阅特定事件。
        Exchange 名称示例：order_events。

微服务	    队列名	            绑定键（binding key）
营销系统	    marketing_queue	    order.created.marketing
会员系统	    member_queue	    order.created.member绑定键规则：<event_type>.<microservice_name>，便于后续扩展（如 order.cancel.marketing）。

        3、消息发布

        生产者（订单服务）发布消息时，指定路由键（routing key） 为 order.created

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;public class OrderProducer {private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "order_events";private static final String ROUTING_KEY = "order.created";public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {// 1. 创建连接ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();factory.setHost("localhost");factory.setUsername("guest");factory.setPassword("guest");try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {// 2. topic Exchangechannel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "topic", true);// 3. 构造消息OrderEvent event = new OrderEvent();event.setEvent_type("order_created");event.setOrder_id("123456");event.setUser_id("user_789");event.setItems(List.of(Map.of("product_id", "p1001", "quantity", 2)));event.setTotal_amount(399.00);event.setCreated_at("2025-07-02T22:00:00Z");ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();String messageJson = mapper.writeValueAsString(event);// 4. 发布消息channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,ROUTING_KEY,true, // 持久化消息new AMQP.BasicProperties.Builder().deliveryMode(2) // 持久化.build(),messageJson.getBytes());System.out.println("Sent order event: " + messageJson);}}
}

        4、消息订阅（营销服务）

        不同服务只需要修改 QUEUE_NAME 和 BINDING_KEY 就可以了。 

import com.rabbitmq.client.*;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;public class MarketingConsumer {private static final String QUEUE_NAME = "marketing_queue";private static final String BINDING_KEY = "order.created.marketing";public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();factory.setHost("localhost");factory.setUsername("guest");factory.setPassword("guest");Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();// 1. 声明队列并绑定到 Exchangechannel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, true, false, false, null);channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, "order_events", BINDING_KEY);// 2. 消费者回调DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {String messageJson = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();OrderEvent event = mapper.readValue(messageJson, OrderEvent.class);// 3. 业务逻辑：发送营销短信System.out.println("Marketing: Sending SMS for order " + event.getOrder_id());// 4. 手动确认消息channel.basicAck(delivery.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);};// 5. 设置手动确认channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, false, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});}
}