Linux firewalld 常用命令
本文参考RedHat官网文章How to configure a firewall on Linux with firewalld。
Firewalld 是守护进程名，对应命令为firewall-cmd。帮助详见以下命令：
$ firewall-cmd --helpUsage: firewall-cmd [OPTIONS...]General Options-h, --help Prints a short help text and exits-V, --version Print the version string of firewalld-q, --quiet Do not print status messagesStatus Options--state Return and print firewalld state--reload Reload firewall and keep state information--complete-reload Reload firewall and lose state information--runtime-to-permanentCreate permanent from runtime configuration--reset-to-defaultsReset configuration to firewalld's default configuration--check-config Check permanent configuration for errorsLog Denied Options--get-log-denied Print the log denied value--set-log-denied=<value>Set log denied valuePermanent Options--permanent Set an option permanentlyUsable for options marked with [P]Zone Options--get-default-zone Print default zone for connections and interfaces--set-default-zone=<zone>Set default zone--get-active-zones Print currently active zones--get-zones Print predefined zones [P]--get-services Print predefined services [P]--get-icmptypes Print predefined icmptypes [P]--get-zone-of-interface=<interface>Print name of the zone the interface is bound to [P]--get-zone-of-source=<source>[/<mask>]|<MAC>|ipset:<ipset>Print name of the zone the source is bound to [P]--list-all-zones List everything added for or enabled in all zones [P]--new-zone=<zone> Add a new zone [P only]--new-zone-from-file=<filename> [--name=<zone>]Add a new zone from file with optional name [P only]--delete-zone=<zone> Delete an existing zone [P only]--load-zone-defaults=<zone>Load zone default settings [P only]--zone=<zone> Use this zone to set or query options, else default zoneUsable for options marked with [Z]--info-zone=<zone> Print information about a zone--path-zone=<zone> Print file path of a zone [P only]Policy Options--get-policies Print predefined policies--get-active-policiesPrint currently active policies--list-all-policies List everything added for or enabled in all policies--new-policy=<policy>Add a new empty policy--new-policy-from-file=<filename> [--name=<policy>]Add a new policy from file with optional name override [P only]--delete-policy=<policy>Delete an existing policy--load-policy-defaults=<policy>Load policy default settings--policy=<policy> Use this policy to set or query optionsUsable for options marked with [O]--info-policy=<policy>Print information about a policy--path-policy=<policy>Print file path of a policyIPSet Options--get-ipset-types Print the supported ipset types--new-ipset=<ipset> --type=<ipset type> [--option=<key>[=<value>]]..Add a new ipset [P only]--new-ipset-from-file=<filename> [--name=<ipset>]Add a new ipset from file with optional name [P only]--delete-ipset=<ipset>Delete an existing ipset [P only]--load-ipset-defaults=<ipset>Load ipset default settings [P only]--info-ipset=<ipset> Print information about an ipset--path-ipset=<ipset> Print file path of an ipset [P only]--get-ipsets Print predefined ipsets--ipset=<ipset> --set-description=<description>Set new description to ipset [P only]--ipset=<ipset> --get-descriptionPrint description for ipset [P only]--ipset=<ipset> --set-short=<description>Set new short description to ipset [P only]--ipset=<ipset> --get-shortPrint short description for ipset [P only]--ipset=<ipset> --add-entry=<entry>Add a new entry to an ipset [P]--ipset=<ipset> --remove-entry=<entry>Remove an entry from an ipset [P]--ipset=<ipset> --query-entry=<entry>Return whether ipset has an entry [P]--ipset=<ipset> --get-entriesList entries of an ipset [P]--ipset=<ipset> --add-entries-from-file=<entry>Add a new entries to an ipset [P]--ipset=<ipset> --remove-entries-from-file=<entry>Remove entries from an ipset [P]IcmpType Options--new-icmptype=<icmptype>Add a new icmptype [P only]--new-icmptype-from-file=<filename> [--name=<icmptype>]Add a new icmptype from file with optional name [P only]--delete-icmptype=<icmptype>Delete an existing icmptype [P only]--load-icmptype-defaults=<icmptype>Load icmptype default settings [P only]--info-icmptype=<icmptype>Print information about an icmptype--path-icmptype=<icmptype>Print file path of an icmptype [P only]--icmptype=<icmptype> --set-description=<description>Set new description to icmptype [P only]--icmptype=<icmptype> --get-descriptionPrint description for icmptype [P only]--icmptype=<icmptype> --set-short=<description>Set new short description to icmptype [P only]--icmptype=<icmptype> --get-shortPrint short description for icmptype [P only]--icmptype=<icmptype> --add-destination=<ipv>Enable destination for ipv in icmptype [P only]--icmptype=<icmptype> --remove-destination=<ipv>Disable destination for ipv in icmptype [P only]--icmptype=<icmptype> --query-destination=<ipv>Return whether destination ipv is enabled in icmptype [P only]--icmptype=<icmptype> --get-destinationsList destinations in icmptype [P only]Service Options--new-service=<service>Add a new service [P only]--new-service-from-file=<filename> [--name=<service>]Add a new service from file with optional name [P only]--delete-service=<service>Delete an existing service [P only]--load-service-defaults=<service>Load icmptype default settings [P only]--info-service=<service>Print information about a service--path-service=<service>Print file path of a service [P only]--service=<service> --set-description=<description>Set new description to service [P only]--service=<service> --get-descriptionPrint description for service [P only]--service=<service> --set-short=<description>Set new short description to service [P only]--service=<service> --get-shortPrint short description for service [P only]--service=<service> --add-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Add a new port to service [P only]--service=<service> --remove-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Remove a port from service [P only]--service=<service> --query-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Return whether the port has been added for service [P only]--service=<service> --get-portsList ports of service [P only]--service=<service> --add-protocol=<protocol>Add a new protocol to service [P only]--service=<service> --remove-protocol=<protocol>Remove a protocol from service [P only]--service=<service> --query-protocol=<protocol>Return whether the protocol has been added for service [P only]--service=<service> --get-protocolsList protocols of service [P only]--service=<service> --add-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Add a new source port to service [P only]--service=<service> --remove-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Remove a source port from service [P only]--service=<service> --query-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Return whether the source port has been added for service [P only]--service=<service> --get-source-portsList source ports of service [P only]--service=<service> --add-helper=<helper>Add a new helper to service [P only]--service=<service> --remove-helper=<helper>Remove a helper from service [P only]--service=<service> --query-helper=<helper>Return whether the helper has been added for service [P only]--service=<service> --get-service-helpersList helpers of service [P only]--service=<service> --set-destination=<ipv>:<address>[/<mask>]Set destination for ipv to address in service [P only]--service=<service> --remove-destination=<ipv>Disable destination for ipv i service [P only]--service=<service> --query-destination=<ipv>:<address>[/<mask>]Return whether destination ipv is set for service [P only]--service=<service> --get-destinationsList destinations in service [P only]--service=<service> --add-include=<service>Add a new include to service [P only]--service=<service> --remove-include=<service>Remove a include from service [P only]--service=<service> --query-include=<service>Return whether the include has been added for service [P only]--service=<service> --get-includesList includes of service [P only]Options to Adapt and Query Zones and Policies--list-all List everything added for or enabled [P] [Z] [O]--timeout=<timeval> Enable an option for timeval time, where timeval isa number followed by one of letters 's' or 'm' or 'h'Usable for options marked with [T]--set-description=<description>Set new description [P only] [Z] [O]--get-description Print description [P only] [Z] [O]--get-target Get the target [P only] [Z] [O]--set-target=<target>Set the target [P only] [Z] [O]--set-short=<description>Set new short description [Z] [O]--get-short Print short description [P only] [Z] [O]--list-services List services added [P] [Z]--add-service=<service>Add a service [P] [Z] [O] [T]--remove-service=<service>Remove a service [P] [Z] [O]--query-service=<service>Return whether service has been added [P] [Z] [O]--list-ports List ports added [P] [Z] [O]--add-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Add the port [P] [Z] [O] [T]--remove-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Remove the port [P] [Z] [O]--query-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Return whether the port has been added [P] [Z] [O]--list-protocols List protocols added [P] [Z] [O]--add-protocol=<protocol>Add the protocol [P] [Z] [O] [T]--remove-protocol=<protocol>Remove the protocol [P] [Z] [O]--query-protocol=<protocol>Return whether the protocol has been added [P] [Z] [O]--list-source-ports List source ports added [P] [Z] [O]--add-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Add the source port [P] [Z] [O] [T]--remove-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Remove the source port [P] [Z] [O]--query-source-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Return whether the source port has been added [P] [Z] [O]--list-icmp-blocks List Internet ICMP type blocks added [P] [Z] [O]--add-icmp-block=<icmptype>Add an ICMP block [P] [Z] [O] [T]--remove-icmp-block=<icmptype>Remove the ICMP block [P] [Z] [O]--query-icmp-block=<icmptype>Return whether an ICMP block has been added [P] [Z] [O]--list-forward-ports List IPv4 forward ports added [P] [Z] [O]--add-forward-port=port=<portid>[-<portid>]:proto=<protocol>[:toport=<portid>[-<portid>]][:toaddr=<address>[/<mask>]]Add the IPv4 forward port [P] [Z] [O] [T]--remove-forward-port=port=<portid>[-<portid>]:proto=<protocol>[:toport=<portid>[-<portid>]][:toaddr=<address>[/<mask>]]Remove the IPv4 forward port [P] [Z] [O]--query-forward-port=port=<portid>[-<portid>]:proto=<protocol>[:toport=<portid>[-<portid>]][:toaddr=<address>[/<mask>]]Return whether the IPv4 forward port has been added [P] [Z] [O]--add-masquerade Enable IPv4 masquerade [P] [Z] [O] [T]--remove-masquerade Disable IPv4 masquerade [P] [Z] [O]--query-masquerade Return whether IPv4 masquerading has been enabled [P] [Z] [O]--list-rich-rules List rich language rules added [P] [Z] [O]--add-rich-rule=<rule>Add rich language rule 'rule' [P] [Z] [O] [T]--remove-rich-rule=<rule>Remove rich language rule 'rule' [P] [Z] [O]--query-rich-rule=<rule>Return whether a rich language rule 'rule' has beenadded [P] [Z] [O]Options to Adapt and Query Zones--add-icmp-block-inversionEnable inversion of icmp blocks for a zone [P] [Z]--remove-icmp-block-inversionDisable inversion of icmp blocks for a zone [P] [Z]--query-icmp-block-inversionReturn whether inversion of icmp blocks has been enabledfor a zone [P] [Z]--add-forward Enable forwarding of packets between interfaces andsources in a zone [P] [Z] [T]--remove-forward Disable forwarding of packets between interfaces andsources in a zone [P] [Z]--query-forward Return whether forwarding of packets between interfacesand sources has been enabled for a zone [P] [Z]Options to Adapt and Query Policies--get-priority Get the priority [P only] [O]--set-priority=<priority>Set the priority [P only] [O]--list-ingress-zonesList ingress zones that are bound to a policy [P] [O]--add-ingress-zone=<zone>Add the ingress zone to a policy [P] [O]--remove-ingress-zone=<zone>Remove the ingress zone from a policy [P] [O]--query-ingress-zone=<zone>Query whether the ingress zone has been adedd to apolicy [P] [O]--list-egress-zonesList egress zones that are bound to a policy [P] [O]--add-egress-zone=<zone>Add the egress zone to a policy [P] [O]--remove-egress-zone=<zone>Remove the egress zone from a policy [P] [O]--query-egress-zone=<zone>Query whether the egress zone has been adedd to apolicy [P] [O]Options to Handle Bindings of Interfaces--list-interfaces List interfaces that are bound to a zone [P] [Z]--add-interface=<interface>Bind the <interface> to a zone [P] [Z]--change-interface=<interface>Change zone the <interface> is bound to [P] [Z]--query-interface=<interface>Query whether <interface> is bound to a zone [P] [Z]--remove-interface=<interface>Remove binding of <interface> from a zone [P] [Z]Options to Handle Bindings of Sources--list-sources List sources that are bound to a zone [P] [Z]--add-source=<source>[/<mask>]|<MAC>|ipset:<ipset>Bind the source to a zone [P] [Z]--change-source=<source>[/<mask>]|<MAC>|ipset:<ipset>Change zone the source is bound to [Z]--query-source=<source>[/<mask>]|<MAC>|ipset:<ipset>Query whether the source is bound to a zone [P] [Z]--remove-source=<source>[/<mask>]|<MAC>|ipset:<ipset>Remove binding of the source from a zone [P] [Z]Helper Options--new-helper=<helper> --module=<module> [--family=<family>]Add a new helper [P only]--new-helper-from-file=<filename> [--name=<helper>]Add a new helper from file with optional name [P only]--delete-helper=<helper>Delete an existing helper [P only]--load-helper-defaults=<helper>Load helper default settings [P only]--info-helper=<helper> Print information about an helper--path-helper=<helper> Print file path of an helper [P only]--get-helpers Print predefined helpers--helper=<helper> --set-description=<description>Set new description to helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --get-descriptionPrint description for helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --set-short=<description>Set new short description to helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --get-shortPrint short description for helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --add-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Add a new port to helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --remove-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Remove a port from helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --query-port=<portid>[-<portid>]/<protocol>Return whether the port has been added for helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --get-portsList ports of helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --set-module=<module>Set module to helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --get-moduleGet module from helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --set-family={ipv4|ipv6|}Set family for helper [P only]--helper=<helper> --get-familyGet module from helper [P only]Direct Options--direct First option for all direct options--get-all-chainsGet all chains [P]--get-chains {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table>Get all chains added to the table [P]--add-chain {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>Add a new chain to the table [P]--remove-chain {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>Remove the chain from the table [P]--query-chain {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>Return whether the chain has been added to the table [P]--get-all-rulesGet all rules [P]--get-rules {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>Get all rules added to chain in table [P]--add-rule {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain> <priority> <arg>...Add rule to chain in table [P]--remove-rule {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain> <priority> <arg>...Remove rule with priority from chain in table [P]--remove-rules {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain>Remove rules from chain in table [P]--query-rule {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <table> <chain> <priority> <arg>...Return whether a rule with priority has been added tochain in table [P]--passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...Pass a command through (untracked by firewalld)--get-all-passthroughsGet all tracked passthrough rules [P]--get-passthroughs {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...Get tracked passthrough rules [P]--add-passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...Add a new tracked passthrough rule [P]--remove-passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...Remove a tracked passthrough rule [P]--query-passthrough {ipv4|ipv6|eb} <arg>...Return whether the tracked passthrough rule has beenadded [P]Lockdown Options--lockdown-on Enable lockdown.--lockdown-off Disable lockdown.--query-lockdown Query whether lockdown is enabledLockdown Whitelist Options--list-lockdown-whitelist-commandsList all command lines that are on the whitelist [P]--add-lockdown-whitelist-command=<command>Add the command to the whitelist [P]--remove-lockdown-whitelist-command=<command>Remove the command from the whitelist [P]--query-lockdown-whitelist-command=<command>Query whether the command is on the whitelist [P]--list-lockdown-whitelist-contextsList all contexts that are on the whitelist [P]--add-lockdown-whitelist-context=<context>Add the context context to the whitelist [P]--remove-lockdown-whitelist-context=<context>Remove the context from the whitelist [P]--query-lockdown-whitelist-context=<context>Query whether the context is on the whitelist [P]--list-lockdown-whitelist-uidsList all user ids that are on the whitelist [P]--add-lockdown-whitelist-uid=<uid>Add the user id uid to the whitelist [P]--remove-lockdown-whitelist-uid=<uid>Remove the user id uid from the whitelist [P]--query-lockdown-whitelist-uid=<uid>Query whether the user id uid is on the whitelist [P]--list-lockdown-whitelist-usersList all user names that are on the whitelist [P]--add-lockdown-whitelist-user=<user>Add the user name user to the whitelist [P]--remove-lockdown-whitelist-user=<user>Remove the user name user from the whitelist [P]--query-lockdown-whitelist-user=<user>Query whether the user name user is on the whitelist [P]Panic Options--panic-on Enable panic mode--panic-off Disable panic mode--query-panic Query whether panic mode is enabledFirewalld 使用区域（Zone）的概念来划分与系统交互的流量。网络接口被分配给一个或多个区域，每个区域包含允许的端口和服务列表。默认区域也可用于管理与任何区域都不匹配的流量。
如果配置了服务，则守护进程的启用，启停、重启和查看命令如下：
sudo systemctl enable firewalld
sudo systemctl start firewalld
sudo systemctl stop firewalld
sudo systemctl restart firewalld
sudo systemctl status firewalld
如果没配置服务，也可以用以下的命令查看状态：
sudo firewall-cmd --state
查看区域和默认区域：
$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-zones
block dmz drop external home internal nm-shared public trusted work$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-default-zone
public
在以下做出改变之前，先保存下当前状态：
$ sudo firewall-cmd --list-all
public (active)target: defaulticmp-block-inversion: nointerfaces: eth0sources:services: cockpit dhcpv6-client sshports:protocols:forward: yesmasquerade: noforward-ports:source-ports:icmp-blocks:rich rules:允许端口，例如postgresql的5432端口：
# 临时添加
sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=5432/tcp
# 永久添加
sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=5432/tcp --permanent
# 使改变生效
sudo firewall-cmd --reload
确认生效：
$ sudo firewall-cmd --list-ports
5432/tcp
删除刚添加的端口：
sudo firewall-cmd --remove-port=5432/tcp --permanent
# 此时执行sudo firewall-cmd --list-ports，输出为5432/tcp
sudo firewall-cmd --reload
# 此时执行sudo firewall-cmd --list-ports，输出为空
如果系统定义了服务，则可以添加服务，其实和加端口意思一样：
$ grep postgres /etc/services
postgres 5432/tcp postgresql # POSTGRES
postgres 5432/udp postgresql # POSTGRES$ sudo firewall-cmd --list-services
cockpit dhcpv6-client ssh$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service postgresql
success$ sudo firewall-cmd --list-services
cockpit dhcpv6-client postgresql ssh
以上端口和服务都是限制目标的，也可以限制源：
$ sudo firewall-cmd --zone=internal --add-source=172.16.1.0/24 --permanent
最后，推荐两个命令速查表：
- Advanced Linux commands cheat sheet
- Advanced Linux Commands Cheat Sheet