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Apache Kafka与Spring整合应用详解

news 2025/7/7 0:12:58

引言

Apache Kafka是一种高吞吐量的分布式消息系统，广泛应用于实时数据处理、日志聚合和事件驱动架构中。Spring作为Java开发的主流框架，通过Spring Kafka项目提供了对Kafka的集成支持。本文将深入探讨如何使用Spring Kafka整合Apache Kafka，并通过详细的代码示例帮助新人理解和掌握这一技术。

环境准备

在开始之前，请确保你已经安装并配置好了以下环境：

Apache Kafka集群
Java JDK 8或更高版本
Maven或Gradle构建工具
Spring Boot 2.3.0或更高版本

项目依赖配置

首先，我们需要在pom.xml中添加Spring Kafka的依赖。

<dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.kafka</groupId><artifactId>spring-kafka</artifactId></dependency>
</dependencies>

Kafka配置

在Spring Boot应用中，我们需要在application.properties中配置Kafka的相关信息。

spring.kafka.bootstrap-servers=localhost:9092
spring.kafka.consumer.group-id=my-group
spring.kafka.consumer.auto-offset-reset=earliest

生产者配置与实现

生产者用于将消息发送到Kafka主题中。我们首先定义一个配置类来配置Kafka生产者。

import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.ProducerConfig;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.DefaultKafkaProducerFactory;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.KafkaTemplate;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.ProducerFactory;
import org.springframework.kafka.support.serializer.JsonSerializer;import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;@Configuration
public class KafkaProducerConfig {@Beanpublic ProducerFactory<String, String> producerFactory() {Map<String, Object> configProps = new HashMap<>();configProps.put(ProducerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, "localhost:9092");configProps.put(ProducerConfig.KEY_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringSerializer.class);configProps.put(ProducerConfig.VALUE_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, JsonSerializer.class);return new DefaultKafkaProducerFactory<>(configProps);}@Beanpublic KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate() {return new KafkaTemplate<>(producerFactory());}
}

接着，我们创建一个生产者服务类，用于发送消息。

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.KafkaTemplate;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Service
public class KafkaProducerService {private static final String TOPIC = "my_topic";@Autowiredprivate KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate;public void sendMessage(String message) {kafkaTemplate.send(TOPIC, message);}
}

消费者配置与实现

消费者用于从Kafka主题中读取消息。我们也需要定义一个配置类来配置Kafka消费者。

import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.ConsumerConfig;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringDeserializer;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.kafka.annotation.EnableKafka;
import org.springframework.kafka.config.ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.ConsumerFactory;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.DefaultKafkaConsumerFactory;
import org.springframework.kafka.listener.ConcurrentMessageListenerContainer;
import org.springframework.kafka.support.serializer.ErrorHandlingDeserializer;
import org.springframework.kafka.support.serializer.JsonDeserializer;import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;@EnableKafka
@Configuration
public class KafkaConsumerConfig {@Beanpublic ConsumerFactory<String, String> consumerFactory() {Map<String, Object> props = new HashMap<>();props.put(ConsumerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, "localhost:9092");props.put(ConsumerConfig.GROUP_ID_CONFIG, "my-group");props.put(ConsumerConfig.KEY_DESERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringDeserializer.class);props.put(ConsumerConfig.VALUE_DESERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, JsonDeserializer.class);return new DefaultKafkaConsumerFactory<>(props);}@Beanpublic ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<String, String> kafkaListenerContainerFactory() {ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<String, String> factory = new ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<>();factory.setConsumerFactory(consumerFactory());return factory;}
}

接着，我们创建一个消费者服务类，用于接收消息。

import org.springframework.kafka.annotation.KafkaListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Service
public class KafkaConsumerService {@KafkaListener(topics = "my_topic", groupId = "my-group")public void consume(String message) {System.out.println("Consumed message: " + message);}
}

控制器实现

为了测试我们的Kafka生产者和消费者，我们可以创建一个简单的Spring Boot控制器。

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController
public class KafkaController {@Autowiredprivate KafkaProducerService producerService;@GetMapping("/send")public String sendMessage(@RequestParam("message") String message) {producerService.sendMessage(message);return "Message sent to Kafka topic: " + message;}
}