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OpenGLES：绘制一个颜色渐变的圆

news 2025/8/26 10:36:56

一.概述

今天使用OpenGLES实现一个圆心是玫红色，向圆周渐变成蓝色的圆。

本篇博文的内容也是后续绘制3D图形的基础。

实现过程中，需要重点关注的点是：如何使用数学公式求得图形的顶点，以及加载颜色值。

废话不多说，开工吧！

二.Render类

Render类中需要关注的重点是：createCirclePositions()

这个函数中实现了圆形的顶点创建和颜色值加载

已知如下两个变量：

圆半径：R；
圆周的点与X轴的夹角：θ

求圆的顶点坐标需要求得两种坐标：

圆心的顶点坐标
圆周的顶点坐标

圆心坐标比较简单：(0，0)

圆周上点的坐标：

x = R * cos(θ)
y = R * sin(θ)

知道如何求得圆的顶点坐标后，如下就是Render类的实现代码：

public class CircleRender implements GLSurfaceView.Renderer {private final String TAG = CubeRender.class.getSimpleName();private final Context mContext;//圆形顶点位置private float vertexData[];//顶点的颜色private float colorData[];private FloatBuffer vertexBuffer;private FloatBuffer colorBuffer;//MVP矩阵private float[] mMVPMatrix = new float[16];//shader程序/渲染器private int shaderProgram;//返回属性变量的位置//变换矩阵private int uMatrixLocation;//位置private int aPositionLocation;//颜色private int aColorLocation;private float ratio;public CircleRender(Context context) {mContext = context;}@Overridepublic void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 gl, EGLConfig config) {Log.v(TAG, "onSurfaceCreated()");glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);initGLES();}public void initGLES() {Log.v(TAG, "initGLES!");/************** 着色器程序/渲染器 **************///创建并连接 着色器程序shaderProgram = ShaderUtils.createAndLinkProgram(mContext,"circle_vertex_shader.glsl","circle_fragtment_shader.glsl");if (shaderProgram == 0) {Log.v(TAG, "create And Link ShaderProgram Fail!");return;}//使用着色器源程序glUseProgram(shaderProgram);createCirclePositions(0.8f, 60);/************** 着色器变量 **************///获取着色器中的变量uMatrixLocation = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "u_Matrix");aPositionLocation = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "vPosition");aColorLocation = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "aColor");//为顶点、颜色、索引数据配置内存vertexBuffer = ShaderUtils.getFloatBuffer(vertexData);colorBuffer = ShaderUtils.getFloatBuffer(colorData);//启动深度测试glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);}@Overridepublic void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 gl, int width, int height) {Log.v(TAG, "onSurfaceChanged(): " + width + " x " + height);glViewport(0, 0, width, height);//计算宽高比ratio = (float) width / height;}@Overridepublic void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) {glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);glClearColor(0.95f, 0.95f, 0.95f, 0.95f);mMVPMatrix = TransformUtils.getCircleMVPMatrix(ratio);//将变换矩阵传入顶点渲染器glUniformMatrix4fv(uMatrixLocation, 1, false, mMVPMatrix, 0);//准备顶点坐标和颜色数据glVertexAttribPointer(aPositionLocation, 3, GL_FLOAT, false, 0, vertexBuffer);glVertexAttribPointer(aColorLocation, 4, GL_FLOAT, false, 0, colorBuffer);//启用顶点位置和顶点颜色句柄glEnableVertexAttribArray(aPositionLocation);glEnableVertexAttribArray(aColorLocation);//绘制glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 0, vertexData.length / 3);//禁止顶点数组的句柄glDisableVertexAttribArray(aPositionLocation);glDisableVertexAttribArray(aColorLocation);}private void createCirclePositions(float radius, int n) {ArrayList<Float> data = new ArrayList<>();data.add(0.0f);        //设置圆心坐标data.add(0.0f);data.add(0.0f);float angDegSpan = 360f / n;for (float i = 0; i < 360 + angDegSpan; i += angDegSpan) {data.add((float) (radius * Math.sin(i * Math.PI / 180f)));data.add((float) (radius * Math.cos(i * Math.PI / 180f)));data.add(0.0f);}float[] f = new float[data.size()];for (int i = 0; i < f.length; i++) {f[i] = data.get(i);}vertexData = f;//处理各个顶点的颜色colorData = new float[f.length * 4 / 3];ArrayList<Float> temp0 = new ArrayList<>();ArrayList<Float> temp2 = new ArrayList<>();ArrayList<Float> temp1 = new ArrayList<>();temp1.add(1.0f);temp1.add(0.0f);temp1.add(1.0f);temp1.add(0.0f);temp0.add(0.0f);temp0.add(0.0f);temp0.add(1.0f);temp0.add(0.0f);for (int i = 0; i < f.length / 3; i++) {if (i == 0) {temp2.addAll(temp1);} else {temp2.addAll(temp0);}}for (int i = 0; i < temp2.size(); i++) {colorData[i] = temp2.get(i);}}
}

三.ShaderUtils相关函数：

与之前的一样，常规代码

3.1 createAndLinkProgram()

    /** 创建和链接着色器程序* 参数：顶点着色器、片段着色器程序ResId* 返回：成功创建、链接了顶点和片段着色器的着色器程序Id*/public static int createAndLinkProgram(Context context, String vertexShaderFN, String fragShaderFN) {//创建着色器程序int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();if (shaderProgram == 0) {Log.e(TAG, "Failed to create shaderProgram ");return 0;}//获取顶点着色器对象int vertexShader = loadShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, loadShaderSource(context, vertexShaderFN));if (0 == vertexShader) {Log.e(TAG, "Failed to load vertexShader");return 0;}//获取片段着色器对象int fragmentShader = loadShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, loadShaderSource(context, fragShaderFN));if (0 == fragmentShader) {Log.e(TAG, "Failed to load fragmentShader");return 0;}//绑定顶点着色器到着色器程序glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);//绑定片段着色器到着色器程序glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);//链接着色器程序glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);//检查着色器链接状态int[] linked = new int[1];glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, linked, 0);if (linked[0] == 0) {glDeleteProgram(shaderProgram);Log.e(TAG, "Failed to link shaderProgram");return 0;}return shaderProgram;}

3.2 getFloatBuffer()

    public static FloatBuffer getFloatBuffer(float[] array) {//将顶点数据拷贝映射到 native 内存中，以便opengl能够访问FloatBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(array.length * BYTES_PER_FLOAT)//直接分配 native 内存，不会被gc.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder())//和本地平台保持一致的字节序（大/小头）.asFloatBuffer();//将底层字节映射到FloatBuffer实例，方便使用buffer.put(array)//将顶点拷贝到 native 内存中.position(0);//每次 put position 都会 + 1，需要在绘制前重置为0return buffer;}

四.TransformUtils相关函数

与以往不同的是，这次绘制需要求得mvp矩阵。

也就是model、view和project三个矩阵，最终再求得一个总的mvpMatrix矩阵

同时还需要设置投影方式，是透视投影还是正交投影。

相关理论知识可以参看官网的这一章：《坐标系统 - LearnOpenGL CN》

本篇博文不再复述

代码：

    public static float[] getCircleMVPMatrix(float ratio) {float[] modelMatrix = getIdentityMatrix(16, 0); //模型变换矩阵float[] viewMatrix = getIdentityMatrix(16, 0); //观测变换矩阵/相机矩阵float[] projectionMatrix = getIdentityMatrix(16, 0); //投影变换矩阵//设置透视投影Matrix.frustumM(projectionMatrix, 0, -ratio, ratio, -1, 1, 3, 7);//设置相机位置Matrix.setLookAtM(viewMatrix, 0, 0, 0, 7.0f, 0f, 0f, 0f, 0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);//计算变换矩阵float[] mvpMatrix = new float[16];Matrix.multiplyMM(mvpMatrix, 0, projectionMatrix, 0, viewMatrix, 0);return mvpMatrix;}

五.着色器代码

5.1 circle_vertex_shader.glsl

#version 300 eslayout (location = 0) in vec4 vPosition;
layout (location = 1) in vec4 aColor;uniform mat4 u_Matrix;out vec4 vColor;void main() {gl_Position  = u_Matrix * vPosition;vColor = aColor;
}

5.2 circle_fragtment_shader.glsl

#version 300 es
#extension GL_OES_EGL_image_external_essl3 : require
precision mediump float;in vec4 vColor;out vec4 outColor;void main(){outColor = vColor;
}

六.UI实现

Render、GLSurfaceView与Activity、Fragment等之间的实现逻辑请根据自己项目的实际情况去实现

这里只贴出Render在GLSurfaceView中设置的代码：

    mGLSurfaceView = rootView.findViewById(R.id.Circle_GLSurfaceView);//设置GLES版本mGLSurfaceView.setEGLContextClientVersion(3);//创建Render对象，并将其设置到GLSurfaceViewmCircleRender = new CircleRender(getActivity());mGLSurfaceView.setRenderer(mCircleRender);mGLSurfaceView.setRenderMode(GLSurfaceView.RENDERMODE_CONTINUOUSLY);