使用容器运行Nginx应用及Docker命令
目录
一、使用容器运行Nginx应用
1.1 使用docker run命令运行Nginx应用
1.1.1 观察下载容器镜像过程
1.1.2 观察容器运行情况
编辑
1.2 访问容器中运行的Nginx服务
1.2.1 确认容器IP地址
1.2.2 容器网络说明
1.2.3 在主机中使用curl命令+容器IP地址访问
二、Docker命令
2.1 Docker命令获取帮助方法
2.2 Docker官网提供的命令说明
2.3 docker命令应用
2.3.1 docker run
2.3.2 docker ps
2.3.3 docker inspect 看容器中配置信息
2.3.4 docker exec 在主机上执行容器中的命令，把执行结果输出到当前终端上来
2.3.5 docker attach 进入到某个运行中的容器中
2.3.6 docker stop
2.3.7 docker start
2.3.8 docker top
2.3.9 docker rm
2.3.9.1 指定删除容器
2.3.9.2 批量删除容器
一、使用容器运行Nginx应用
1.1 使用docker run命令运行Nginx应用
1.1.1 观察下载容器镜像过程
查找本地容器镜像文件
执行命令过程一：下载容器镜像 # docker run -d nginx:latest Unable to find image 'nginx:latest' locally latest: Pulling from library/nginx a2abf6c4d29d: Downloading 1.966MB/31.36MB 下载中 a9edb18cadd1: Downloading 1.572MB/25.35MB 589b7251471a: Download complete 下载完成 186b1aaa4aa6: Download complete b4df32aa5a72: Waiting 等待下载 a0bcbecc962e: Waiting
执行命令过程二：下载容器镜像 [root@localhost ~]# docker run -d nginx:latest Unable to find image 'nginx:latest' locally latest: Pulling from library/nginx a2abf6c4d29d: Downloading 22.87MB/31.36MB a9edb18cadd1: Downloading 22.78MB/25.35MB 589b7251471a: Waiting 186b1aaa4aa6: Waiting b4df32aa5a72: Waiting
执行命令过程三：下载容器镜像 [root@localhost ~]# docker run -d nginx:latest Unable to find image 'nginx:latest' locally latest: Pulling from library/nginx a2abf6c4d29d: Pull complete 下载完成 a9edb18cadd1: Pull complete 589b7251471a: Pull complete 186b1aaa4aa6: Pull complete b4df32aa5a72: Waiting 等待下载
1.1.2 观察容器运行情况
# docker run -d nginx:latest 9834c8c18a7c7c89ab0ea4119d11bafe9c18313c8006bc02ce57ff54d9a1cc0c
命令解释 docker run 启动一个容器 -d 把容器镜像中需要执行的命令以daemon（守护进程）的方式运行 nginx 应用容器镜像的名称，通常表示该镜像为某一个软件 latest 表示上述容器镜像的版本，表示最新版本，用户可自定义其标识，例如v1或v2等
# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 9834c8c18a7c nginx:latest "/docker-entrypoint.…" 24 seconds ago Up 23 seconds 80/tcp condescending_pare
命令解释 docker ps 类似于Linux系统的ps命令，查看正在运行的容器，如果想查看没有运行的容器，需要在此命令后使用--all
输出内容解释
| CONTAINERID | IMAGE | COMMAND | CREATED | STATUS | PORTS | NAMES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9834c8c18a7c | nginx:latest | "/docker-entrypoint.…" | 24 seconds ago | Up 23 seconds | 80/tcp | condescending_pare |
1.2 访问容器中运行的Nginx服务
1.2.1 确认容器IP地址
实际工作中不需要此步操作。
# docker inspect 9834"GlobalIPv6Address": "","GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,"IPAddress": "172.17.0.2", 容器IP地址"IPPrefixLen": 16,"IPv6Gateway": "","MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02","Networks": {"bridge": {"IPAMConfig": null,"Links": null,"Aliases": null,"NetworkID": "d3de2fdbc30ee36a55c1431ef3ae4578392e552009f00b2019b4720735fe5a60","EndpointID": "d91f47c9f756ff22dc599a207164f2e9366bd0c530882ce0f08ae2278fb3d50c","Gateway": "172.17.0.1","IPAddress": "172.17.0.2", 容器IP地址"IPPrefixLen": 16,"IPv6Gateway": "","GlobalIPv6Address": "","GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02","DriverOpts": null}}}}
]
命令解释 docker inspect 为查看容器结构信息命令 9834 为前面生成的容器ID号前4位，使用这个ID号时，由于其较长，使用时能最短识别即可。
1.2.2 容器网络说明
# ip a s ...... docker0网桥，用于为容器提供桥接，转发到主机之外的网络 5: docker0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group defaultlink/ether 02:42:d5:c3:d4:cc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 172.17.0.1/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global docker0valid_lft forever preferred_lft foreverinet6 fe80::42:d5ff:fec3:d4cc/64 scope linkvalid_lft forever preferred_lft forever与容器中的虚拟网络设备在同一个命名空间中，用于把容器中的网络连接到主机 9: veth393dece@if8: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue master docker0 state UP group defaultlink/ether 02:e3:11:58:54:0f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0inet6 fe80::e3:11ff:fe58:540f/64 scope linkvalid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
1.2.3 在主机中使用curl命令+容器IP地址访问
# curl http://172.17.0.2
返回结果，表示访问成功！
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
html { color-scheme: light dark; }
body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
二、Docker命令
2.1 Docker命令获取帮助方法
# docker -h
Flag shorthand -h has been deprecated, please use --help
Usage: docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND 用法
A self-sufficient runtime for containers 功能介绍
Options: 选项--config string Location of client config files (default "/root/.docker")-c, --context string Name of the context to use to connect to the daemon (overridesDOCKER_HOST env var and default context set with "docker context use")-D, --debug Enable debug mode-H, --host list Daemon socket(s) to connect to-l, --log-level string Set the logging level ("debug"|"info"|"warn"|"error"|"fatal")(default "info")--tls Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify--tlscacert string Trust certs signed only by this CA (default "/root/.docker/ca.pem")--tlscert string Path to TLS certificate file (default "/root/.docker/cert.pem")--tlskey string Path to TLS key file (default "/root/.docker/key.pem")--tlsverify Use TLS and verify the remote-v, --version Print version information and quit
Management Commands: 管理类命令app* Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)builder Manage buildsbuildx* Docker Buildx (Docker Inc., v0.7.1-docker)config Manage Docker configscontainer Manage containerscontext Manage contextsimage Manage imagesmanifest Manage Docker image manifests and manifest listsnetwork Manage networksnode Manage Swarm nodesplugin Manage pluginsscan* Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.12.0)secret Manage Docker secretsservice Manage servicesstack Manage Docker stacksswarm Manage Swarmsystem Manage Dockertrust Manage trust on Docker imagesvolume Manage volumes
Commands: 未分组命令attach Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running containerbuild Build an image from a Dockerfilecommit Create a new image from a container's changescp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystemcreate Create a new containerdiff Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystemevents Get real time events from the serverexec Run a command in a running containerexport Export a container's filesystem as a tar archivehistory Show the history of an imageimages List imagesimport Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem imageinfo Display system-wide informationinspect Return low-level information on Docker objectskill Kill one or more running containersload Load an image from a tar archive or STDINlogin Log in to a Docker registrylogout Log out from a Docker registrylogs Fetch the logs of a containerpause Pause all processes within one or more containersport List port mappings or a specific mapping for the containerps List containerspull Pull an image or a repository from a registrypush Push an image or a repository to a registryrename Rename a containerrestart Restart one or more containersrm Remove one or more containersrmi Remove one or more imagesrun Run a command in a new containersave Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)search Search the Docker Hub for imagesstart Start one or more stopped containersstats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statisticsstop Stop one or more running containerstag Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGEtop Display the running processes of a containerunpause Unpause all processes within one or more containersupdate Update configuration of one or more containersversion Show the Docker version informationwait Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes
2.2 Docker官网提供的命令说明
网址链接：Reference documentation | Docker Docs
2.3 docker命令应用
2.3.1 docker run
# docker run -i -t --name c1 centos:latest bash [root@948f234e22a1 /]#
命令解释 docker run 运行一个命令在容器中，命令是主体，没有命令容器就会消亡 -i 交互式 -t 提供终端，就直接进入到容器中了 --name c1 把将运行的容器命名为c1 centos:latest 使用centos最新版本容器镜像 bash 在容器中执行的命令
查看主机名、也是容器id [root@948f234e22a1 /]# hostname
查看网络信息 [root@948f234e22a1 /]# ip a s 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lovalid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 12: eth0@if13: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group defaultlink/ether 02:42:ac:11:00:03 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0inet 172.17.0.3/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global eth0valid_lft forever preferred_lft foreverlo :本地回环网卡enth0:虚拟网络设备，这个是与物理主机相连的，原理是对应的两个虚拟设备，放到了同一个命名空间里
查看进程 [root@948f234e22a1 /]# ps aux USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 1 0.0 0.1 12036 2172 pts/0 Ss 09:58 0:00 bash root 16 0.0 0.0 44652 1784 pts/0 R+ 10:02 0:00 ps aux
查看用户 [root@948f234e22a1 /]# cat /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin nobody:x:65534:65534:Kernel Overflow User:/:/sbin/nologin dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin systemd-coredump:x:999:997:systemd Core Dumper:/:/sbin/nologin systemd-resolve:x:193:193:systemd Resolver:/:/sbin/nologin
查看目录 [root@948f234e22a1 /]# pwd / [root@948f234e22a1 /]# ls bin etc lib lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var dev home lib64 media opt root sbin sys usr
退出命令执行，容器停止运行 [root@948f234e22a1 /]# exit exit [root@localhost ~]#
2.3.2 docker ps
# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
命令解释 docker ps 查看正在运行的容器，本案例由于没有命令在容器中运行，因此容器被停止了，所以本次查看没有结果。
# docker ps --all CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 948f234e22a1 centos:latest "bash" 10 minutes ago Exited (0) 2 minutes ago c1
| CONTAINERID | IMAGE | COMMAND | CREATED | STATUS | PORTS | NAMES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 948f234e22a1 | centos:latest | "bash" | 10 minutes ago | Exited (0) 2 minutes ago | c1 |
命令解释 docker ps --all 可以查看正在运行的和停止运行的容器
2.3.3 docker inspect 看容器中配置信息
# docker run -it --name c2 centos:latest bash [root@9f2eea16da4c /]#
操作说明 在上述提示符处按住ctrl键，再按p键与q键，可以退出交互式的容器，容器会处于运行状态。
# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 9f2eea16da4c centos:latest "bash" 37 seconds ago Up 35 seconds c2
命令解释 可以看到容器处于运行状态
# docker inspect c2
"Networks": {"bridge": {"IPAMConfig": null,"Links": null,"Aliases": null,"NetworkID": "d3de2fdbc30ee36a55c1431ef3ae4578392e552009f00b2019b4720735fe5a60","EndpointID": "d1a2b7609f2f73a6cac67229a4395eef293f695c0ac4fd6c9c9e6913c9c85c1c","Gateway": "172.17.0.1","IPAddress": "172.17.0.2","IPPrefixLen": 16,"IPv6Gateway": "","GlobalIPv6Address": "","GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02","DriverOpts": null}}}}
]
命令解释 docker inpect 查看容器详细信息
2.3.4 docker exec 在主机上执行容器中的命令，把执行结果输出到当前终端上来
# docker exec -it c2 ls /root anaconda-ks.cfg anaconda-post.log original-ks.cfg
命令解释 docker exec 在容器外实现与容器交互执行某命令 -it 交互式 c2 正在运行的容器名称 ls /root 在正在运行的容器中运行相关的命令
下面命令与上面命令执行效果一致 # docker exec c2 ls /root anaconda-ks.cfg anaconda-post.log original-ks.cfg
2.3.5 docker attach 进入到某个运行中的容器中
查看正在运行的容器 # docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 9f2eea16da4c centos:latest "bash" 13 minutes ago Up 13 minutes c2
[root@localhost ~]# docker attach c2 [root@9f2eea16da4c /]#
命令解释 docker attach 类似于ssh命令，可以进入到容器中 c2 正在运行的容器名称
说明 docker attach 退出容器时，如不需要容器再运行，可直接使用exit退出；如需要容器继续运行，可使用ctrl+p+q
2.3.6 docker stop
# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 9f2eea16da4c centos:latest "bash" 22 minutes ago Up 22 minutes c2
# docker stop 9f2eea 9f2eea
# docker ps --all CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 9f2eea16da4c centos:latest "bash" 22 minutes ago Exited (137) 4 seconds ago c2
2.3.7 docker start
# docker ps --all CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 9f2eea16da4c centos:latest "bash" 22 minutes ago Exited (137) 4 seconds ago c2
# docker start 9f2eea 9f2eea
# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 9f2eea16da4c centos:latest "bash" 24 minutes ago Up 16 seconds c2
2.3.8 docker top
在Docker Host查看容器中运行的进程信息
# docker top c2 UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 69040 69020 0 18:37 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
| UID | PID | PPID | C | STIME | TTY | TIME | CMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| root | 69040 | 69020 | 0 | 18:37 | pts/0 | 00:00:00 | bash |
命令解释 docker top 查看container内进程信息，指在docker host上查看，与docker exec -it c2 ps -ef不同。
输出说明 UID 容器中运行的命令用户ID PID 容器中运行的命令PID PPID 容器中运行的命令父PID，由于PPID是一个容器，此可指为容器在Docker Host中进程ID C 占用CPU百分比 STIME 启动时间 TTY 运行所在的终端 TIME 运行时间 CMD 执行的命令
2.3.9 docker rm
如果容器已停止，使用此命令可以直接删除；如果容器处于运行状态，则需要提前关闭容器后，再删除容器。下面演示容器正在运行关闭后删除的方法。
2.3.9.1 指定删除容器
# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 9f2eea16da4c centos:latest "bash" 2 days ago Up 3 seconds c2
# docker stop c2 或 # docker stop 9f2eea16da4c
# docker rm c2 或 # docker rm 9f2eea16da4c
2.3.9.2 批量删除容器
# docker ps --all CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 948f234e22a1 centos:latest "bash" 2 days ago Exited (0) 2 days ago c1 01cb3e01273c centos:latest "bash" 2 days ago Exited (0) 2 days ago systemimage1 46d950fdfb33 nginx:latest "/docker-ent..." 2 days ago Exited (0) 2 days ago upbeat_goldberg
# docker ps --all | awk '{if (NR>=2){print $1}}' | xargs docker stop
# docker ps --all | awk '{if (NR>=2){print $1}}' | xargs docker rm