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Unity 2d描边基于SpriteRender，高性能的描边解决方案

news 2025/6/26 15:12:36

目标

以Unity默认渲染管线为例，打造不需要图片内边距，描边平滑，高性能的描边解决方案

前言

在2d游戏中经常需要给2d对象添加描边，来突出强调2d对象
当你去网上查找2d描边shader，移植到项目里面，大概率会得到这个情况
如果描边的基本原理不清楚的可以看我之前的文章文本描边
在这里插入图片描述

①出现了边缘看起来像是被截断了，这个是因为使用在超过的范围，三角形没有覆盖到，这里没有片元着色器进行渲染，所以我们要扩展三角形的顶点，同时扩展uv
图片如果有内边距，并且描边宽度较小，可能不会出现。有时即使图片内边距足够了也会出现这个情况，这是因为生成的三角形的原因(同上)，在图片的导入设置MeshType设置为FullRect可以解决，如下图，但是这会增加片元着色器的负担，会有更多的片元需要渲染，唯一的好处是可以减少顶点数据的内存。这里我们为性能考虑，使用三角形渲染，扩展多边形的顶点和uv
但是如果所以要描边的物体加内边距，会增加内存消耗
②不该有描边的区域出现了描边，
在这里插入图片描述

要解决的问题

边缘被截断了=>扩展多边形的顶点和uv
描边有锯齿感=>采样次数不足，只沿着4个或8个方向采样，在outlineWidth较大时会出现问题，增多采样次数，在实际测试中，权衡效果和性能，12次最佳
描边和图片过渡处不平滑=>在原图片边缘，边缘aphla为0-1，lerp(outlineCol,col,a)，a为0，显示描边，a为1显示原来的图片
不该有描边的区域出现了描边
①tex2D得到的a，a>0认为是描边，图片在透明部分a不完全为0导致,提高阈值即可a>0.2
②当outlineWidth过大导致，uv可能会偏移到1.1，即采样uv为0.1的像素，该像素a为1导致的=>C#传入原始的uv范围，超过这个范围的不采样

最终效果演示

在这里插入图片描述

代码讲解

Shader部分

tex2D这个采样函数十分消耗性能，可以说，shader性能大部分由tex2D采样次数决定，在本shader中要想尽办法减少tex2D的采样
for会极大消耗性能，不使用for循环

half4 frag(g2f i) : SV_Target
{float4 col = tex2D(_MainTex, i.uv);col *= i.color;//乘以顶点颜色_ShowBound = float4(0, 0, 1, 1);col.a *= isInRange(i.uv);//扩展的uv不在原始uv范围，a设置为0float sum_a = 0;int iteration = 12;//当第一次采样a>0.9，说明片元为正常的像素，直接渲染，不采样邻近像素for (int ii = 0; ii < iteration; ++ii)//为了代码可读性，使用for，最终代码不使用for{if(sum_a<0.5)//如果采样结果累计>0.5,不进行采样，这样能减少tex采样{sum_a += SampleTex(i, ii, iteration);}}sum_a=step(0.5,sum_a)+sum_a;//a>0.5的部分认为1sum_a = saturate(sum_a);float4 outLineColor = float4(_OutlineColor.rgb, sum_a);//如果_OutlineWidth为0时，显示原来图片的颜色float a = step(_OutlineWidth, 0.001);//为0，描边区域；1，原始图片；0-1，图片边缘，用图片颜色和描边颜色插值过渡float4 finalCol = lerp(outLineColor, col,saturate(a+col.a));return finalCol;
}
float isInRange(float2 uv)
{float2 rs = step(_ShowBound.xy, uv) * step(uv, _ShowBound.zw);return rs.x * rs.y;
}
float SampleTex(g2f i, float ii, int sum)
{//使用预先计算好的结果，减少sincos的计算，将上下左右优先放在最前面，因为绝大部分描边由上下左右偏移得到,//可以大幅度减少在描边区域的采样次数，一旦上下左右采样得到a>threshold，就不会进行采样了const float OffsetX[12] = {1, 0, -1, 0, 0.866, 0.5, -0.5, -0.866, -0.866, -0.5, 0.5, 0.866};const float OffsetY[12] = {0, 1, 0, -1, 0.5, 0.866, 0.866, 0.5, -0.5, -0.866, -0.866, -0.5};float2 offset_uv = i.uv + float2(OffsetX[ii], OffsetY[ii]) * _MainTex_TexelSize.xy * _OutlineWidth;float sample_a=0;if(isInRange(offset_uv)>0)//如果偏移后的uv不在原始uv范围不进行采样，a为1{sample_a = tex2D(_MainTex, offset_uv).a;}float a = sample_a;a = step(0.2, a) * a;//采样结果<0.2时，不认为是描边return a;
}

C#部分

在解决上面的问题后，C#要解决最后的一个问题，边缘看起来被截断了
如果使用的是FullRect渲染Sprite，是扩展矩形的顶点，问题会简单得多。可以在几何着色器geometry中扩展顶点和uv，但是苹果的Metal不支持几何着色器，而且FullRect渲染性能差，所以方案不行。
要扩展多边形的顶点，
首先要知道SpriteRender.sprite的vertices和uvs是只能读不可以修改的。
在网上找了一圈后，幸好unity提供了sprite.SetVertexAttribute这个扩展方法可以修改顶点
在Start时，设置原始的uv范围和描边宽度
ppu即n个像素对应1个单位长度m
扩展多边形得顶点，通过v[i-1]-v[i]和v[i+1]-v[i]得到PA和PB，(PA+PB).normalized得到PC，判断OP和PC方向夹角是否小于90，否则，PC取反，将点P沿PC方向偏移即可
在这里插入图片描述
因为使用sprite.SetVertexAttribute修改顶点，会自动计算修改后得uv，所以这里不需要修改uv了

void Start()
{// 获取SpriteRenderer组件和SpritespriteRenderer = GetComponent<SpriteRenderer>();sprite = spriteRenderer.sprite;spriteRenderer.material.SetVector("_ShowBound",bound);spriteRenderer.material.SetFloat("_OutlineWidth",outlineWidth);// 获取原始的顶点、三角形和UV数据originalVertices = sprite.vertices;ppu = 1/sprite.pixelsPerUnit;// 扩展顶点Vector2[] expandedVertices = ExpandVertices(originalVertices, outlineWidth);Vector3[] vertices = System.Array.ConvertAll(expandedVertices, v => (Vector3)v);NativeArray<Vector3> array = new NativeArray<Vector3>(vertices, Allocator.Temp);//将Vector3转换到NativeArray<Vector3>类型sprite.SetVertexAttribute(VertexAttribute.Position,array);
}
private void OnDestroy()//在销毁时还原到之前的顶点
{Vector3[] vertices = System.Array.ConvertAll(originalVertices, v => (Vector3)v);NativeArray<Vector3> array = new NativeArray<Vector3>(vertices, Allocator.Temp);sprite.SetVertexAttribute(VertexAttribute.Position,array);
}

sprite.vertices顶点不是按逆时针排列的，先得到一个按角度排列的顶点

private int CompareByAngle(Vector2 a, Vector2 b)
{float angleA = Mathf.Atan2(a.y, a.x);float angleB = Mathf.Atan2(b.y, b.x);return angleA.CompareTo(angleB);
}
Vector2[] ExpandVertices(Vector2[] vertices, float len)
{Vector2[] expandedVertices = new Vector2[vertices.Length];Vector2[] sortVertices = new Vector2[vertices.Length];for (int i = 0; i < sortVertices.Length; i++){sortVertices[i] = vertices[i];}//将顶点按逆时针排列Array.Sort(sortVertices, (a, b) => CompareByAngle(a, b));for (int i = 0; i < sortVertices.Length; i++){Vector2 vector2= sortVertices[i];int index = -1;for (int j = 0; j < vertices.Length; j++){Vector2 v= vertices[j];if (Vector2.Distance(v,vector2)<0.01f){index = j;//得到原来在vertices对应的索引break;}}Vector2 dir1 = sortVertices[(i + 1)% sortVertices.Length] - sortVertices[i];int index2 = (i - 1) % sortVertices.Length;if (index2 < 0){index2 = sortVertices.Length + index2;}Vector2 dir2 = sortVertices[index2] - sortVertices[i];dir1 = dir1.normalized;//得到P为原点的2个向量AP,BP，将其相加得到PC，结果和PO点乘，大于90度结果取反dir2 = dir2.normalized;Vector2 dir = (dir1 + dir2).normalized;int rs = Vector2.Dot(dir, vector2.normalized)>0 ? 1: -1;dir *= rs;//沿得到的dir偏移expandedVertices[index] = sortVertices[i] + dir * len * ppu;}return expandedVertices;
}

完整代码

Shader

Shader "Custom/SpriteOutline"
{Properties{[PerRendererData]_MainTex ("Sprite Texture", 2D) = "white" {}_OutlineWidth ("Outline Width", Range(0,30)) = 5_OutlineColor ("Outline Color", Color) = (1,1,1,1)_ShowBound("Show Bound" ,Vector)=(0,0,1,1)}SubShader{Tags{"Queue"="Transparent" "IgnoreProjector"="true" "RenderType"="Transparent"}Cull OffLighting OffZWrite OffBlend SrcAlpha OneMinusSrcAlphaPass{CGPROGRAM#pragma vertex vert#pragma fragment frag#include "UnityCG.cginc"struct appdata{float4 vertex : POSITION;float4 color : COLOR;float4 uv : TEXCOORD0;float4 uv2 : TEXCOORD1;float4 tangent : TANGENT;};struct g2f{float2 uv : TEXCOORD0;half4 color : COLOR;float4 vertex : SV_POSITION;float2 lightingUV:TEXCOORD1;float2 uv2 : TEXCOORD2;float4 tangent : TANGENT;};sampler2D _MainTex;float4 _MainTex_ST;float4 _MainTex_TexelSize;float _OutlineWidth;float4 _OutlineColor;float4 _ShowBound;g2f vert(appdata v){g2f o;o.vertex = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);o.uv = TRANSFORM_TEX(v.uv, _MainTex);o.color = v.color;o.tangent = v.tangent;o.uv2=v.uv2;o.lightingUV = half2(ComputeScreenPos(o.vertex / o.vertex.w).xy);return o;}float isInRange(float2 uv){float2 rs = step(_ShowBound.xy, uv) * step(uv, _ShowBound.zw);return rs.x * rs.y;}float SampleTex(g2f i, float ii){const float OffsetX[12] = {1, 0, -1, 0, 0.866, 0.5, -0.5, -0.866, -0.866, -0.5, 0.5, 0.866};const float OffsetY[12] = {0, 1, 0, -1, 0.5, 0.866, 0.866, 0.5, -0.5, -0.866, -0.866, -0.5};float2 offset_uv = i.uv + float2(OffsetX[ii], OffsetY[ii]) * _MainTex_TexelSize.xy * _OutlineWidth;float sample_a=0;if(isInRange(offset_uv)>0){sample_a = tex2D(_MainTex, offset_uv).a;}float a = sample_a;a = step(0.2, a) * a;return a;}half4 frag(g2f i) : SV_Target{float4 col = tex2D(_MainTex, i.uv);col *= i.color;//_ShowBound = float4(0, 0, 1, 1);_ShowBound = i.tangent;_OutlineWidth=i.uv2.x;col.a *= isInRange(i.uv);float sum_a = 0;float threshold=0.5;if(col.a<threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 0);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 1);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 2);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 3);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 4);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 5);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 6);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 7);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 8);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 9);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 10);if (sum_a < threshold){sum_a += SampleTex(i, 11);}}}}}}}}}}}}sum_a=step(threshold,sum_a)+sum_a;sum_a = saturate(sum_a);float4 outLineColor = float4(_OutlineColor.rgb, sum_a);float a = step(_OutlineWidth, 0.001);float4 finalCol = lerp(outLineColor, col,saturate(a+col.a));return finalCol;}ENDCG}}Fallback "Sprites/Default"
}

C#

public class SpriteOutline : MonoBehaviour
{private SpriteRenderer spriteRenderer;private Sprite sprite;private Vector2[] originalVertices;public float outlineWidth = 0f;private float ppu;void Start(){// 获取SpriteRenderer组件和SpritespriteRenderer = GetComponent<SpriteRenderer>();sprite = spriteRenderer.sprite;Vector4 bound = new Vector4();Vector2[] uvs= sprite.uv;bound =new Vector4(1, 1, 0, 0);for (int i = 0; i < uvs.Length; i++){var uv = uvs[i];bound.x = Mathf.Min(bound.x, uv.x);bound.y = Mathf.Min(bound.y, uv.y);bound.z = Mathf.Max(bound.z, uv.x);bound.w = Mathf.Max(bound.w, uv.y);}//spriteRenderer.material.SetVector("_ShowBound",bound);//spriteRenderer.material.SetFloat("_OutlineWidth",outlineWidth);// 获取原始的顶点、三角形和UV数据originalVertices = sprite.vertices;ppu = 1/sprite.pixelsPerUnit;// 扩展顶点Vector2[] expandedVertices = ExpandVertices(originalVertices, outlineWidth);Vector3[] vertices = System.Array.ConvertAll(expandedVertices, v => (Vector3)v);NativeArray<Vector3> array = new NativeArray<Vector3>(vertices, Allocator.Temp);sprite.SetVertexAttribute(VertexAttribute.Position,array);Vector2[] uv2Vector4s=new Vector2[vertices.Length];for (int i = 0; i < uv2Vector4s.Length; i++){uv2Vector4s[i] =new Vector2(outlineWidth, 0);}NativeArray<Vector2> uv2s_array = new NativeArray<Vector2>(uv2Vector4s, Allocator.Temp);sprite.SetVertexAttribute(VertexAttribute.TexCoord1,uv2s_array);Vector4[] tangents=new Vector4[vertices.Length];for (int i = 0; i < tangents.Length; i++){tangents[i] = bound;}NativeArray<Vector4> tangent_array = new NativeArray<Vector4>(tangents, Allocator.Temp);sprite.SetVertexAttribute(VertexAttribute.Tangent,tangent_array);}private void OnDestroy(){Vector3[] vertices = System.Array.ConvertAll(originalVertices, v => (Vector3)v);NativeArray<Vector3> array = new NativeArray<Vector3>(vertices, Allocator.Temp);sprite.SetVertexAttribute(VertexAttribute.Position,array);}private int CompareByAngle(Vector2 a, Vector2 b){float angleA = Mathf.Atan2(a.y, a.x);float angleB = Mathf.Atan2(b.y, b.x);return angleA.CompareTo(angleB);}Vector2[] ExpandVertices(Vector2[] vertices, float len){Vector2[] expandedVertices = new Vector2[vertices.Length];Vector2[] sortVertices = new Vector2[vertices.Length];for (int i = 0; i < sortVertices.Length; i++){sortVertices[i] = vertices[i];}Array.Sort(sortVertices, (a, b) => CompareByAngle(a, b));for (int i = 0; i < sortVertices.Length; i++){Vector2 vector2= sortVertices[i];int index = -1;for (int j = 0; j < vertices.Length; j++){Vector2 v= vertices[j];if (Vector2.Distance(v,vector2)<0.01f){index = j;break;}}Vector2 dir1 = sortVertices[(i + 1)% sortVertices.Length] - sortVertices[i];int index2 = (i - 1) % sortVertices.Length;if (index2 < 0){index2 = sortVertices.Length + index2;}Vector2 dir2 = sortVertices[index2] - sortVertices[i];dir1 = dir1.normalized;dir2 = dir2.normalized;Vector2 dir = (dir1 + dir2).normalized;int rs = Vector2.Dot(dir, vector2.normalized)>0 ? 1: -1;dir *= rs;expandedVertices[index] = sortVertices[i] + dir * len * ppu;}return expandedVertices;}
}