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elasticsearch中IK分词器

news 2025/6/28 2:19:11

1、什么是IK分词器

ElasticSearch 几种常用分词器如下：

分词器	分词方式
StandardAnalyzer	单字分词
CJKAnalyzer	二分法
IKAnalyzer	词库分词

分词∶即把一段中文或者别的划分成一个个的关键字，我们在搜索时候会把自己的信息进行分词，会把数据库中或者索引库中的数据进行分词，然后进行一个匹配操作，默认的中文分词是将每个字看成一个词，比如“我爱中国"会被分为"我"“爱”“中”"国”，这显然是不符合要求的，所以我们需要安装中文分词器ik来解决这个问题。

IK提供了两个分词算法：ik_smart和ik_max_word，其中ik smart为最少切分，ik_max_word为最细粒度划分!

ik_max_word: 会将文本做最细粒度的拆分，比如会将"中华人民共和国国歌"拆分为"中华人民共和国,中华人民,中华,华人,人民共和国,人民,人,民,共和国,共和,和,国国,国歌"，会穷尽各种可能的组合；ik_smart: 会做最粗粒度的拆分，比如会将"中华人民共和国国歌"拆分为"中华人民共和国,国歌"。

2、下载IK分词器

下载地址：IK分词器

下载完毕之后在虚拟机进行部署

首先，查看之前安装的Elasticsearch容器的plugins数据卷目录：

docker volume inspect es-plugins

结果如下：

[{"CreatedAt": "2024-11-06T10:06:34+08:00","Driver": "local","Labels": null,"Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/es-plugins/_data","Name": "es-plugins","Options": null,"Scope": "local"}
]

可以看到elasticsearch的插件挂载到了/var/lib/docker/volumes/es-plugins/_data这个目录。我们需要把IK分词器上传至这个目录。

将刚刚下载的压缩包解压后，就可以放入该地址的文件夹中

然后上传至虚拟机的/var/lib/docker/volumes/es-plugins/_data这个目录：

最后，重启es容器：

docker restart es

3、使用IK分词器

IK分词器包含两种模式：

ik_smart：智能语义切分
ik_max_word：最细粒度切分

我们在Kibana的DevTools上来测试分词器，首先测试Elasticsearch官方提供的标准分词器：

POST /_analyze
{"analyzer": "standard","text": "黑马程序员学习java太棒了"
}

结果如下：

{"tokens" : [{"token" : "黑","start_offset" : 0,"end_offset" : 1,"type" : "<IDEOGRAPHIC>","position" : 0},{"token" : "马","start_offset" : 1,"end_offset" : 2,"type" : "<IDEOGRAPHIC>","position" : 1},{"token" : "程","start_offset" : 2,"end_offset" : 3,"type" : "<IDEOGRAPHIC>","position" : 2},{"token" : "序","start_offset" : 3,"end_offset" : 4,"type" : "<IDEOGRAPHIC>","position" : 3},{"token" : "员","start_offset" : 4,"end_offset" : 5,"type" : "<IDEOGRAPHIC>","position" : 4},{"token" : "学","start_offset" : 5,"end_offset" : 6,"type" : "<IDEOGRAPHIC>","position" : 5},{"token" : "习","start_offset" : 6,"end_offset" : 7,"type" : "<IDEOGRAPHIC>","position" : 6},{"token" : "java","start_offset" : 7,"end_offset" : 11,"type" : "<ALPHANUM>","position" : 7},{"token" : "太","start_offset" : 11,"end_offset" : 12,"type" : "<IDEOGRAPHIC>","position" : 8},{"token" : "棒","start_offset" : 12,"end_offset" : 13,"type" : "<IDEOGRAPHIC>","position" : 9},{"token" : "了","start_offset" : 13,"end_offset" : 14,"type" : "<IDEOGRAPHIC>","position" : 10}]
}

可以看到，标准分词器智能1字1词条，无法正确对中文做分词。

我们再测试IK分词器：

POST /_analyze
{"analyzer": "ik_smart","text": "黑马程序员学习java太棒了"
}

{"tokens" : [{"token" : "黑马","start_offset" : 0,"end_offset" : 2,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 0},{"token" : "程序员","start_offset" : 2,"end_offset" : 5,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 1},{"token" : "学习","start_offset" : 5,"end_offset" : 7,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 2},{"token" : "java","start_offset" : 7,"end_offset" : 11,"type" : "ENGLISH","position" : 3},{"token" : "太棒了","start_offset" : 11,"end_offset" : 14,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 4}]
}

3.1、拓展词典

随着互联网的发展，“造词运动”也越发的频繁。出现了很多新的词语，在原有的词汇列表中并不存在。比如：“泰裤辣”，“传智播客” 等。

IK分词器无法对这些词汇分词，测试一下：

POST /_analyze
{"analyzer": "ik_max_word","text": "传智播客开设大学,真的泰裤辣！"
}

结果：

{"tokens" : [{"token" : "传","start_offset" : 0,"end_offset" : 1,"type" : "CN_CHAR","position" : 0},{"token" : "智","start_offset" : 1,"end_offset" : 2,"type" : "CN_CHAR","position" : 1},{"token" : "播","start_offset" : 2,"end_offset" : 3,"type" : "CN_CHAR","position" : 2},{"token" : "客","start_offset" : 3,"end_offset" : 4,"type" : "CN_CHAR","position" : 3},{"token" : "开设","start_offset" : 4,"end_offset" : 6,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 4},{"token" : "大学","start_offset" : 6,"end_offset" : 8,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 5},{"token" : "真的","start_offset" : 9,"end_offset" : 11,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 6},{"token" : "泰","start_offset" : 11,"end_offset" : 12,"type" : "CN_CHAR","position" : 7},{"token" : "裤","start_offset" : 12,"end_offset" : 13,"type" : "CN_CHAR","position" : 8},{"token" : "辣","start_offset" : 13,"end_offset" : 14,"type" : "CN_CHAR","position" : 9}]
}

可以看到，传智播客和泰裤辣都无法正确分词。

所以要想正确分词，IK分词器的词库也需要不断的更新，IK分词器提供了扩展词汇的功能。

1）打开IK分词器config目录：

注意，如果采用在线安装的通过，默认是没有config目录的，需要把课前资料提供的ik下的config上传至对应目录。

2）在IKAnalyzer.cfg.xml配置文件内容添加：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE properties SYSTEM "http://java.sun.com/dtd/properties.dtd">
<properties><comment>IK Analyzer 扩展配置</comment><!--用户可以在这里配置自己的扩展字典 *** 添加扩展词典--><entry key="ext_dict">ext.dic</entry>
</properties>

3）在IK分词器的config目录新建一个 ext.dic，可以参考config目录下复制一个配置文件进行修改

传智播客
泰裤辣

4）重启elasticsearch

docker restart es

# 查看日志

docker logs -f elasticsearch

再次测试，可以发现传智播客和泰裤辣都正确分词了：

{"tokens" : [{"token" : "传智播客","start_offset" : 0,"end_offset" : 4,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 0},{"token" : "开设","start_offset" : 4,"end_offset" : 6,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 1},{"token" : "大学","start_offset" : 6,"end_offset" : 8,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 2},{"token" : "真的","start_offset" : 9,"end_offset" : 11,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 3},{"token" : "泰裤辣","start_offset" : 11,"end_offset" : 14,"type" : "CN_WORD","position" : 4}]
}