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Vue 3 + TypeScript: 类型安全的前端开发实践

news 2025/6/29 2:27:00

引言

在现代前端开发中，TypeScript 已经成为提升代码质量和开发效率的重要工具。将 Vue 3 与 TypeScript 结合使用，能够为我们的项目带来更好的类型安全性和开发体验。

1. 项目配置

1.1 创建项目

使用 Vue CLI 创建支持 TypeScript 的 Vue 3 项目：

npm create vue@latest my-vue-ts-app

1.2 基础配置文件

tsconfig.json 推荐配置：

{"compilerOptions": {"target": "esnext","module": "esnext","strict": true,"jsx": "preserve","moduleResolution": "node","skipLibCheck": true,"esModuleInterop": true,"allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,"forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,"useDefineForClassFields": true,"sourceMap": true,"baseUrl": ".","types": ["webpack-env"],"paths": {"@/*": ["src/*"]}},"include": ["src/**/*.ts", "src/**/*.tsx", "src/**/*.vue"],"exclude": ["node_modules"]
}

2. 组件开发最佳实践

2.1 使用 `<script setup>` 与类型声明

<script setup lang="ts">
interface User {id: numbername: stringemail: string
}const props = defineProps<{user: User
}>()const emit = defineEmits<{(e: 'update', id: number): void(e: 'delete', id: number): void
}>()
</script><template><div class="user-profile"><h2>{{ user.name }}</h2><p>{{ user.email }}</p></div>
</template>

2.2 响应式数据的类型定义

<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref, reactive } from 'vue'interface Todo {id: numbertitle: stringcompleted: boolean
}const todos = reactive<Todo[]>([])
const newTodo = ref<string>('')const addTodo = () => {if (!newTodo.value) returntodos.push({id: Date.now(),title: newTodo.value,completed: false})newTodo.value = ''
}
</script>

3. 状态管理与 TypeScript

3.1 Pinia 与类型安全

import { defineStore } from 'pinia'interface UserState {user: {id: numbername: string} | nullisLoggedIn: boolean
}export const useUserStore = defineStore('user', {state: (): UserState => ({user: null,isLoggedIn: false}),actions: {setUser(user: UserState['user']) {this.user = userthis.isLoggedIn = !!user}}
})

4. API 调用与类型定义

// API 响应类型定义
export interface ApiResponse<T> {code: numberdata: Tmessage: string
}// 用户相关接口类型
export interface UserDTO {id: numbername: stringemail: stringavatar?: string
}

import axios from 'axios'
import type { ApiResponse, UserDTO } from './types'export const getUserInfo = async (id: number): Promise<UserDTO> => {const { data } = await axios.get<ApiResponse<UserDTO>>(`/api/users/${id}`)return data.data
}

5. 常见问题与解决方案

5.1 组件 Props 类型检查

<script setup lang="ts">
// 使用字面量类型限制可选值
type ButtonType = 'primary' | 'secondary' | 'danger'
type ButtonSize = 'small' | 'medium' | 'large'defineProps<{type?: ButtonTypesize?: ButtonSizedisabled?: boolean
}>()
</script>