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使用 Go 构建一个最小的 API 应用

news 2025/7/25 20:52:28

最近有项目要使用 Go 开发，作为一个. NET Core 选手，准备先撸一个包含 CRUD 的最小 MVP 项目练手。

要创建一个 TODO 应用，会创建下面这些接口：

API	Description	Request body	Response body
`GET /todoitems`	Get all to-do items	None	Array of to-do items
`GET /todoitems/complete`	Get completed to-do items	None	Array of to-do items
`GET /todoitems/{id}`	Get an item by ID	None	To-do item
`POST /todoitems`	Add a new item	To-do item	To-do item
`PUT /todoitems/{id}`	Update an existing item	To-do item	None
`DELETE /todoitems/{id}`	Delete an item	None	None

我觉得，做这样一个 API 应用，不管是 Go 还是其他语言，思路是一样的，无外乎：SDK 版本、开发工具、服务容器、HTTP 请求和响应处理、数据库对应的语言驱动、实体定义和映射、JSON 处理等等。因此，其他语言怎么做，换成 Go 之后，找对应的工具和实现方案就可以了。

1 、快速搭建开发环境

官方下载 SDK：Download and install - The Go Programming Language
安装 VS Code：Download Visual Studio Code - Mac, Linux, Windows
安装扩展：“Go”
安装 Go 工具包： ctrl+shift+p ，输入 go install 回车后，选择全部工具安装

2、构建 API

2 .1、创建目录，初始化项目

go mod init todo-list-api

安装依赖包：

gorilla/mux 是一个强大的 HTTP 路由器和 URL 匹配器，用于构建 Go Web 服务器： gorilla/mux: Package gorilla/mux is a powerful HTTP router and URL matcher for building Go web servers with 🦍 (github.com)

go get -u github.com/gorilla/mux

Postgres 数据库的 Go 驱动包：lib/pq: Pure Go Postgres driver for database/sql (github.com)

go get github.com/lib/pq

2.2、入口函数

新增 main.go 文件，内容如下：

func main() {r := mux.NewRouter()r.HandleFunc("/api/todoitems", GetToDoItems).Methods("GET")r.HandleFunc("/api/todoitems/complete", GetToDoItemInCompleted).Methods("GET")r.HandleFunc("/api/todoitems/{id}", GetToDoItemById).Methods("GET")r.HandleFunc("/api/todoitems", CreateToDoItem).Methods("POST")r.HandleFunc("/api/todoitems/{id}", DeleteToDoItem).Methods("DELETE")r.HandleFunc("/api/todoitems/{id}", UpdateToDoItem).Methods("PUT")srv := &http.Server{Handler:      r,Addr:         ":3000",WriteTimeout: 15 * time.Second,ReadTimeout:  15 * time.Second,}log.Fatal(srv.ListenAndServe())
}

HandleFunc 函数第一个参数是路由路径，第二个参数是处理函数，然后链式调用 Methods 指定可以处理的 HTTP 请求类型。

2.3、实体和数据库

新增 db.go 文件，内容如下：

var DB *sql.DB
func ConnectToDatabase() {connStr := "user=postgres dbname=postgres password=Mysoft7789 sslmode=disable"db, err := sql.Open("postgres", connStr)if err != nil {log.Fatal(err)}DB = db
}

这个函数用来打开并获取数据库连接，放在 init 方法中调用

func init() {ConnectToDatabase()
}

定义结构类型 ToDo，内容如下：

type Todo struct {Id         int    `json:"id"`Name       string `json:"name"`IsComplete bool   `json:"is_complete"`
}

创建 postgres 数据表

create table public.t_todo_item  
(  id          integer generated by default as identity,  name        varchar(20),  is_complete boolean  
);

2 .4、实现 API

新增 todo-service.go 实现所有的 API

func GetToDoItems(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {rows, err := DB.Query("select id,name,is_complete from t_todo_item")if err != nil {panic(err.Error())}var todos []Todofor rows.Next() {var todo Todoerr = rows.Scan(&todo.Id, &todo.Name, &todo.IsComplete)if err != nil {log.Printf("Error happened in scan row. Err: %s", err)w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)return}todos = append(todos, todo)}jsonResp, err := json.Marshal(todos)if err != nil {log.Fatalf("Error happened in JSON marshal. Err: %s", err)w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)return}w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")w.Write(jsonResp)
}func GetToDoItemInCompleted(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {rows, err := DB.Query("select id,name,is_complete from t_todo_item where is_complete = true")if err != nil {panic(err.Error())}var todos []Todofor rows.Next() {var todo Todoerr = rows.Scan(&todo.Id, &todo.Name, &todo.IsComplete)if err != nil {log.Printf("Error happened in scan row. Err: %s", err)w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)return}todos = append(todos, todo)}jsonResp, err := json.Marshal(todos)if err != nil {log.Fatalf("Error happened in JSON marshal. Err: %s", err)w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)return}w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")w.Write(jsonResp)
}func CreateToDoItem(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {// convert todo struct from bodyvar todo Todoerr := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&todo)if err != nil {log.Printf("Error happened in JSON unmarshal. Err: %s", err)return}// insert into dberr = DB.QueryRow("insert into t_todo_item (name, is_complete) values ($1, $2) RETURNING id", todo.Name, false).Scan(&todo.Id)if err != nil {log.Printf("Error happened in insert into db. Err: %s", err)w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)return}// return created todojsonResp, _ := json.Marshal(todo)w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")w.Write(jsonResp)
}func GetToDoItemById(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {vars := mux.Vars(r)id := vars["id"]row := DB.QueryRow("select id,name, is_complete from t_todo_item where id = $1", id)var todo Todorow.Scan(&todo.Id, &todo.Name, &todo.IsComplete)jsonResp, err := json.Marshal(todo)if err != nil {log.Fatalf("Error happened in JSON marshal. Err: %s", err)w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)return}w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")w.Write(jsonResp)
}func DeleteToDoItem(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {// check id from urlvars := mux.Vars(r)// convert id to intid, err := strconv.Atoi(vars["id"])if err != nil {log.Printf("Error happened in convert id to int. Err: %s", err)w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)return}// if id less then 0, return 400if condition := id < 0; condition {w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)return}// delete from db_, err = DB.Exec("delete from t_todo_item where id = $1", id)if err != nil {log.Printf("Error happened in delete from db. Err: %s", err)w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)return}w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
}func UpdateToDoItem(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {// check id from urlvars := mux.Vars(r)// convert id to intid, err := strconv.Atoi(vars["id"])if err != nil {log.Printf("Error happened in convert id to int. Err: %s", err)w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)return}// if id less then 0, return 400if condition := id < 0; condition {w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)return}// convert todo struct from bodyvar todo Todoerr = json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&todo)if err != nil {log.Printf("Error happened in JSON unmarshal. Err: %s", err)}todo.Id = id// update db_, err = DB.Exec("update t_todo_item set name = $1, is_complete = $2 where id = $3", todo.Name, todo.IsComplete, id)if err != nil {log.Printf("Error happened in update db. Err: %s", err)w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)return}w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
}

2.5、测试验证

新增一个 todo.http 文件，内容如下：

# GET request to retrieve all todo itemsGET http://localhost:3000/api/todoitems HTTP/1.1#### GET request to retrieve a specific todo item by idGET http://localhost:3000/api/todoitems/20 HTTP/1.1#### GET request to retrieve all completed todo itemsGET http://localhost:3000/api/todoitems/complete HTTP/1.1  #### POST request to create a new todo itemPOST http://localhost:3000/api/todoitems HTTP/1.1Content-Type: application/json  {"name": "Buy grocerie1"
}#### PUT request to update an existing todo itemPUT http://localhost:3000/api/todoitems/20 HTTP/1.1Content-Type: application/json{"name": "Buy groceries","is_complete": true
}#### DELETE request to delete a todo itemDELETE http://localhost:3000/api/todoitems/2 HTTP/1.1

完工了。

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