当前位置：首页 > news >正文

大模型基础——从零实现一个Transformer(3)

news 2025/7/1 15:50:07

大模型基础——从零实现一个Transformer(1)-CSDN博客

一、前言

之前两篇文章已经讲了Transformer的Embedding,Tokenizer,Attention,Position Encoding,
本文我们继续了解Transformer中剩下的其他组件.

二、归一化

2.1 Layer Normalization

layerNorm是针对序列数据提出的一种归一化方法，主要在layer维度进行归一化，即对整个序列进行归一化。

layerNorm会计算一个layer的所有activation的均值和方差，利用均值和方差进行归一化。

𝜇=∑𝑖=1𝑑𝑥𝑖

𝜎=1𝑑∑𝑖=1𝑑(𝑥𝑖−𝜇)2

归一化后的激活值如下：

𝑦=𝑥−𝜇𝜎+𝜖𝛾+𝛽

其中 𝛾 和 𝛽 是可训练的模型参数。 𝛾 是缩放参数，新分布的方差 𝛾2 ； 𝛽 是平移系数，新分布的均值为 𝛽 。 𝜖 为一个小数，添加到方差上，避免分母为0。

2.2 LayerNormalization 代码实现

import torch
import torch.nn as nnclass LayerNorm(nn.Module):def __init__(self,num_features,eps=1e-6):super().__init__()self.gamma = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(num_features))self.beta = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_features))self.eps = epsdef forward(self,x):"""Args:x (Tensor): (batch_size, seq_length, d_model)Returns:Tensor: (batch_size, seq_length, d_model)"""mean = x.mean(dim=-1,keepdim=True)std = x.std(dim=-1,keepdim=True,unbiased=False)normalized_x = (x - mean) / (std + self.eps)return self.gamma * normalized_x + self.betaif __name__ == '__main__':batch_size = 2seqlen = 3hidden_dim = 4# 初始化一个随机tensorx = torch.randn(batch_size,seqlen,hidden_dim)print(x)# 初始化LayerNormlayer_norm  = LayerNorm(num_features=hidden_dim)output_tensor = layer_norm(x)print("output after layer norm:\n,",output_tensor)torch_layer_norm = torch.nn.LayerNorm(normalized_shape=hidden_dim)torch_output_tensor = torch_layer_norm(x)print("output after torch layer norm:\n",torch_output_tensor)

三、残差连接

残差连接(residual connection,skip residual，也称为残差块)其实很简单

x为网络层的输入，该网络层包含非线性激活函数，记为F(x)，用公式描述的话就是：

代码简单实现

x = x + layer(x)

四、前馈神经网络

4.1 Position-wise Feed Forward

Position-wise Feed Forward(FFN)，逐位置的前馈网络，其实就是一个全连接前馈网络。目的是为了增加非线性，增强模型的表示能力。

它一个简单的两层全连接神经网络，不是将整个嵌入序列处理成单个向量，而是独立地处理每个位置的嵌入。所以称为position-wise前馈网络层。也可以看为核大小为1的一维卷积。

目的是把输入投影到特定的空间，再投影回输入维度。

FFN具体的公式如下：

𝐹𝐹𝑁(𝑥)=𝑓(𝑥𝑊1+𝑏1)𝑊2+𝑏2

上述公式对应FFN中的向量变换操作，其中f为非线性激活函数。

4.2 FFN代码实现

from torch import nn,Tensor
from torch.nn import functional as Fclass PositonWiseFeedForward(nn.Module):def __init__(self,d_model:int ,d_ff: int ,dropout: float=0.1) -> None:''':param d_model:  dimension of embeddings:param d_ff: dimension of feed-forward network:param dropout: dropout ratio'''super().__init__()self.ff1 = nn.Linear(d_model,d_ff)self.ff2 = nn.Linear(d_ff,d_model)self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)def forward(self,x: Tensor) -> Tensor:''':param x:  (batch_size, seq_length, d_model) output from attention:return: (batch_size, seq_length, d_model)'''return self.ff2(self.dropout(F.relu(self.ff1(x))))

五、Transformer Encoder Block

如图所示，编码器(Encoder)由N个编码器块(Encoder Block)堆叠而成，我们依次实现。

from torch import nn,Tensor
## 之前实现的函数引入
from llm_base.attention.MultiHeadAttention1 import MultiHeadAttention
from llm_base.layer_norm.normal_layernorm import LayerNorm
from llm_base.ffn.PositionWiseFeedForward import PositonWiseFeedForwardfrom typing import *class EncoderBlock(nn.Module):def __init__(self,d_model: int,n_heads: int,d_ff: int,dropout: float,norm_first: bool = False):''':param d_model: dimension of embeddings:param n_heads: number of heads:param d_ff: dimension of inner feed-forward network:param dropout:dropout ratio:param norm_first : if True, layer norm is done prior to attention and feedforward operations(Pre-Norm).Otherwise it's done after(Post-Norm). Default to False.'''super().__init__()self.norm_first = norm_firstself.attention = MultiHeadAttention(d_model,n_heads,dropout)self.norm1 = LayerNorm(d_model)self.ff = PositonWiseFeedForward(d_model,d_ff,dropout)self.norm2 = LayerNorm(d_model)self.dropout1 = nn.Dropout(dropout)self.dropout2 = nn.Dropout(dropout)# self attention sub layerdef _self_attention_sub_layer(self,x: Tensor, attn_mask: Tensor, keep_attentions: bool) -> Tensor:x = self.attention(x,x,x,attn_mask,keep_attentions)return self.dropout1(x)# ffn sub layerdef _ffn_sub_layer(self,x: Tensor) -> Tensor:x = self.ff(x)return self.dropout2(x)def forward(self,src: Tensor,src_mask: Tensor == None,keep_attentions: bool= False) -> Tuple[Tensor,Tensor]:''':param src: (batch_size, seq_length, d_model):param src_mask: (batch_size,  1, seq_length):param keep_attentions:whether keep attention weigths or not. Defaults to False.:return:(batch_size, seq_length, d_model) output of encoder block'''# pass througth multi-head attention# src (batch_size, seq_length, d_model)# attn_score (batch_size, n_heads, seq_length, k_length)x = src# post LN or pre LNif self.norm_first:# pre LNx = x + self._self_attention_sub_layer(self.norm1(x),src_mask,keep_attentions)x = x + self._ffn_sub_layer(self.norm2(x))else:x = self.norm1(x + self._self_attention_sub_layer(x,src_mask,keep_attentions))x = self.norm2(x + self._ffn_sub_layer(x))return x