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k8s-----17、集群安全机制

news 2025/9/14 16:34:29

1、集群安全机制概述

1.1 访问k8s的三个步骤

1、认证
2、鉴权(授权)
3、准入控制
进行访问的时候，过程中都需要经过apiserver，apiserver做统一协调，比如门卫。且访问过程中需要证书、token、或者用户名+密码。如果需要访问pod，需要serviceAccount。

1.2 认证

传输安全：对外不会暴露8080端口，只能内部访问。对外使用端口6443
认证：客户端身份认证的常用方式有三种： 1>https证书认证，基于ca证书。2> http+token认证，通过token识别用户。3>http基本认证，用户名+密码（不常用，前两种更安全）

1.3 鉴权

基于RBAC进行鉴权操作
基于角色进行访问控制

1.4 准入控制

就是准入控制器的列表，如果该列表有请求内容，通过。没有则拒绝。

2、RBAC（基于角色的访问控制）

在这里插入图片描述

2.1 角色

Role，特定命名空间具体操作。 ClusterRole，所有命名空间访问权限

[root@master ~]# kubectl  get ns  # 查看命名空间
[root@master ~]# kubectl create ns role
namespace/role created
[root@master ~]# kubectl  get ns
NAME              STATUS   AGE
default           Active   63d
kube-node-lease   Active   63d
kube-public       Active   63d
kube-system       Active   63d
role              Active   3s
[root@master ~]# kubectl delete ns role 
namespace "role" deleted

2.2 角色绑定

roleBinding: 将角色绑定到主体上
ClusterroleBinding: 将集群角色绑定到主体

2.3 主体

user ：用户
group: 用户组
serviceAcoount: 服务账号。用于pod访问

3、RBAC实现鉴权

3.1 生成证书文件

#下载并使用cfssl证书生成工具
wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64 
wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64 
wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 
chmod +x cfssl_linux-amd64 cfssljson_linux-amd64 cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 
mv cfssl_linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/cfssl 
mv cfssljson_linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/cfssljson 
mv cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 /usr/bin/cfssl-certinfo# 生成自签证书
[root@master mary]# cat ca-config.json 
{"signing": {"default": {"expiry": "87600h"},"profiles": {"kubernetes": {"expiry": "87600h","usages": ["signing","key encipherment","server auth","client auth"]}}}
}
[root@master mary]# cat ca-csr.json 
{"CN": "kubernetes","key": {"algo": "rsa","size": 2048},"names": [{"C": "CN","L": "Beijing","ST": "Beijing","O": "k8s","OU": "System"}]
}
[root@master mary]# cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca -  #生成自签证书
2022/05/13 13:47:19 [INFO] generating a new CA key and certificate from CSR
2022/05/13 13:47:19 [INFO] generate received request
2022/05/13 13:47:19 [INFO] received CSR
2022/05/13 13:47:19 [INFO] generating key: rsa-2048
2022/05/13 13:47:19 [INFO] encoded CSR
2022/05/13 13:47:19 [INFO] signed certificate with serial number 533587145625742162082018478504710590695605538243
[root@master mary]# ls
ca-config.json  ca.csr  ca-csr.json  ca-key.pem  ca.pem  mary-csr.json  rabc-user.sh

3.2 创建命名空间和对应得pod

[root@master ~]# kubectl create ns roledemo
namespace/roledemo created[root@master ~]# kubectl get ns
NAME              STATUS   AGE
roledemo          Active   3s[root@master ~]# kubectl run nginx --image=nginx -n roledemo 
pod/nginx created
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n roledemo 
NAME    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx   1/1     Running   0          36s

3.3 创建角色

[root@master Roledemo]# vim rbac-role.yaml
[root@master Roledemo]# cat rbac-role.yaml 
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:namespace: roledemoname: pod-reader
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]                  #组resources: ["pods"]              #资源verbs: ["get","watch","list"]    #角色权限[root@master Roledemo]# kubectl apply -f rbac-role.yaml 
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/pod-reader created[root@master Roledemo]# kubectl get role -n roledemo 
NAME         CREATED AT
pod-reader   2022-05-13T04:13:46Z

3.4 创建角色绑定

[root@master Roledemo]# vim rbac-rolebinding.yaml
[root@master Roledemo]# cat rbac-rolebinding.yaml 
kind: RoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata: name: read-podsnamespace: roledemo
subjects: 
- kind: Username: mary # Name is case sensitiveapiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:kind: Role #this must be Role or ClusterRolename: pod-reader # this must match the name of the Role or ClusterRole you wish to bind toapiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io[root@master Roledemo]# kubectl apply -f rbac-rolebinding.yaml 
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/read-pods created
[root@master Roledemo]# kubectl get role,rolebinding -n roledemo    #查看角色和角色绑定
NAME                                        CREATED AT
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/pod-reader   2022-05-13T04:13:46ZNAME                                              ROLE              AGE
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/read-pods   Role/pod-reader   25s

3.5 使用证书识别身份


[root@master ~]# mkdir mary         #充当用户文件夹
[root@master ~]# cd mary/   #目录下需要所有的ca文件
[root@master mary]# cat mary-csr.json 
{"CN": "mary","hosts": [],"key": {"algo": "rsa","size": 2048},"names": [{"C": "CN","L": "BeiJing","ST": "BeiJing"}]
}[root@master mary]# vim rabc-user.sh   ##rbac鉴权文件
[root@master mary]# cat rabc-user.sh 
cat > mary-csr.json <<EOF
{"CN": "mary","hosts": [],"key": {"algo": "rsa","size": 2048},"names": [{"C": "CN","L": "BeiJing","ST": "BeiJing"}]
}
EOFcfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes mary-csr.json | cfssljson -bare mary kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes \--certificate-authority=ca.pem \--embed-certs=true \--server=https://192.168.172.128:6443 \--kubeconfig=mary-kubeconfigkubectl config set-credentials mary \--client-key=mary-key.pem \--client-certificate=mary.pem \--embed-certs=true \--kubeconfig=mary-kubeconfigkubectl config set-context default \--cluster=kubernetes \--user=mary \--kubeconfig=mary-kubeconfigkubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=mary-kubeconfig## 执行
[root@master mary]# bash rabc-user.sh 
2022/05/13 13:53:26 [INFO] generate received request
2022/05/13 13:53:26 [INFO] received CSR
2022/05/13 13:53:26 [INFO] generating key: rsa-2048
2022/05/13 13:53:26 [INFO] encoded CSR
2022/05/13 13:53:26 [INFO] signed certificate with serial number 697056282839922252602077574108282807182420364565
2022/05/13 13:53:26 [WARNING] This certificate lacks a "hosts" field. This makes it unsuitable for
websites. For more information see the Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management
of Publicly-Trusted Certificates, v.1.1.6, from the CA/Browser Forum (https://cabforum.org);
specifically, section 10.2.3 ("Information Requirements").
Cluster "kubernetes" set.
User "mary" set.
Context "default" created.
Switched to context "default".
[root@master mary]# ls   ##生成了mary-kubeconfig文件
ca-config.json  ca-csr.json  ca.pem    mary-csr.json  mary-kubeconfig  rabc-user.sh
ca.csr          ca-key.pem   mary.csr  mary-key.pem   mary.pem[root@master mary]# cat mary-kubeconfig  ##里面是证书内容

3.6测试

#只有查看pod得权限，所以查看svc是没有任何东西的(不对)   #应该是这里只是使用了文件夹模拟，所以出错。需要真实得用户
[root@master mary]# kubectl get pod -n roledemo 
NAME    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx   1/1     Running   0          140m
[root@master mary]#  kubectl create  service clusterip test --clusterip="None" -n roledemo# 创建svc测试
[root@master mary]# kubectl get svc -n roledemo   # 但是不对
NAME   TYPE        CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
test   ClusterIP   None         <none>        <none>    25m