当前位置： 首页 > news >正文

【OpenGauss源码学习 —— 列存储（创建表）】

news 2025/7/6 10:49:28

列存储

  • 什么是列存储？
  • 语法实现
    • 语法格式
    • 参数说明
    • 示例
    • 源码分析（创建表）
      • 语法层（Gram.y）
      • 子模块（utility.cpp）
  • 总结

声明：本文的部分内容参考了他人的文章。在编写过程中，我们尊重他人的知识产权和学术成果，力求遵循合理使用原则，并在适用的情况下注明引用来源。
本文主要参考了 OpenGauss1.1.0 的开源代码和《OpenGauss数据库源码解析》一书以及OpenGauss社区学习文档

什么是列存储？

  列存储是一种优化技术，用于在数据库系统中存储和查询大量数据。与传统的行存储方式不同，列存储将每个列的数据分别存储在独立的存储单元中，而不是按照行的方式存储。这种存储方式在分析性查询、聚合操作和大规模数据处理等场景下具有很大的优势。
  行、列存储模型各有优劣，建议根据实际情况选择。通常openGauss用于OLTP（联机事务处理）场景的数据库，默认使用行存储，仅对执行复杂查询且数据量大的OLAP（联机分析处理）场景时，才使用列存储。默认情况下，创建的表为行存储。行存储和列存储的差异如下图所示：
在这里插入图片描述
  上图中，左上为行存表，右上为行存表在硬盘上的存储方式。左下为列存表，右下为列存表在硬盘上的存储方式。

列存储的特点和优势：

  1. 压缩效率高：由于相同类型的数据在列中是连续存储的，可以采用更加高效的压缩算法，从而减少存储空间的使用。
  2. 数据读取效率高：在查询中只加载需要的列，减少了不必要的数据传输，提高了查询效率。
  3. 聚合操作效率高：在列存储中，同一列的数据相邻存储，这样在进行聚合操作时只需要对该列中的数据进行计算，减少了不必要的读取和计算。
  4. 列存储适合分析性查询：分析性查询通常涉及多个列的聚合和筛选操作，列存储的存储方式更适合这种场景，可以提高查询效率。
  5. 适用于大规模数据处理：列存储在大规模数据处理、数据仓库等场景中具有明显的性能优势，能够更好地支持复杂的分析任务。

  列存储相比于行存储的优点和缺点如下：

存储模型优点缺点
行存数据被保存在一起。INSERT/UPDATE容易。选择(SELECT)时即使只涉及某几列，所有数据也都会被读取。
列存1. 查询时只有涉及到的列会被读取。
2. 投影(Projection)很高效。
3. 任何列都能作为索引。		1. 选择完成时，被选择的列要重新组装。
2. INSERT/UPDATE比较麻烦。

  一般情况下，如果表的字段比较多（大宽表），查询中涉及到的列不多的情况下，适合列存储。如果表的字段个数比较少，查询大部分字段，那么选择行存储比较好。

存储类型适用场景
行存1. 点查询(返回记录少，基于索引的简单查询)。
2. 增、删、改操作较多的场景。
3. 频繁的更新、少量的插入。
列存1. 统计分析类查询 (关联、分组操作较多的场景)。
2. 即席查询（查询条件不确定，行存表扫描难以使用索引）。
3. 一次性大批量插入。
4. 表列数较多，建议使用列存表。
5. 如果每次查询时，只涉及了表的少数（<50%总列数）几个列，建议使用列存表。

语法实现

语法格式

CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name data_type [, ... ])[ WITH ( ORIENTATION  = value) ];

参数说明

参数说明
table_name要创建的表名。
column_name新表中要创建的字段名。
data_type字段的数据类型。
ORIENTATION指定表数据的存储方式，即行存方式、列存方式，该参数设置成功后就不再支持修改。
取值范围：
  ROW，表示表的数据将以行式存储。
  行存储适合于OLTP业务，适用于点查询或者增删操作较多的场景。
  ROW，表示表的数据将以行式存储。
  列存储适合于数据仓库业务，此类型的表上会做大量的汇聚计算，且涉及的列操作较少。

示例

  来看一下官方文档给出的两个实际案例：

  1. 不指定ORIENTATION参数时，表默认为行存表。例如：
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE customer_test1
(state_ID   CHAR(2),state_NAME VARCHAR2(40),area_ID    NUMBER
);--删除表
openGauss=# DROP TABLE customer_test1;
  1. 创建列存表时，需要指定ORIENTATION参数。例如：
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE customer_test2
(state_ID   CHAR(2),state_NAME VARCHAR2(40),area_ID    NUMBER
)
WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN);--删除表
openGauss=# DROP TABLE customer_test2;

源码分析（创建表）

语法层（Gram.y）

  接下来从代码实现层面来看看吧，创建列存表所涉及的语法代码如下：

注：Gram.y文件是YACC（Yet Another Compiler Compiler）工具生成的语法分析器的输入文件，用于解析SQL语句或其他领域特定语言。

columnDef:	ColId Typename ColCmprsMode create_generic_options ColQualList{ColumnDef *n = makeNode(ColumnDef);n->colname = $1;n->typname = $2;n->inhcount = 0;n->is_local = true;n->is_not_null = false;n->is_from_type = false;n->storage = 0;n->cmprs_mode = $3;n->raw_default = NULL;n->cooked_default = NULL;n->collOid = InvalidOid;n->fdwoptions = $4;n->clientLogicColumnRef=NULL;SplitColQualList($5, &n->constraints, &n->collClause,&n->clientLogicColumnRef, yyscanner);$$ = (Node *)n;};

  下面我们来分析一下这段代码：

  1. columnDef:：这是一个非终结符，表示列定义的语法规则开始。
  2. ColId Typename ColCmprsMode create_generic_options ColQualList：这是规则的产生式，由一系列非终结符组成，代表列定义的各个部分。
  3. { }：这是动作部分的开始和结束，包含在花括号内的代码会在解析这个规则时执行。
  4. ColumnDef *n = makeNode(ColumnDef);：在这里，创建了一个 ColumnDef 类型的节点，并将其指针赋值给 n。
  5. n->colname = $1;：将解析得到的列名（通过 $1 表示）赋值给列定义的节点的 colname 字段。
  6. n->typname = $2;：将解析得到的类型名赋值给列定义的节点的 typname 字段。
  7. n->inhcount = 0;：将继承计数字段初始化为 0。
  8. n->is_local = true;：设置 is_local 字段为 true。
  9. n->is_not_null = false;：设置 is_not_null 字段为 false。
  10. n->is_from_type = false;：设置 is_from_type 字段为 false。
  11. n->storage = 0;：将存储字段初始化为 0。
  12. n->cmprs_mode = $3;：将解析得到的压缩模式赋值给 cmprs_mode 字段。
  13. n->raw_default = NULL;：将默认原始值字段初始化为 NULL。
  14. n->cooked_default = NULL;：将默认经过处理的值字段初始化为 NULL。
  15. n->collOid = InvalidOid;：将排序规则 OID 初始化为 InvalidOid。
  16. n->fdwoptions = $4;：将解析得到的外部数据包含选项赋值给 fdwoptions 字段。
  17. n->clientLogicColumnRef=NULL;：将客户逻辑列引用字段初始化为 NULL。
  18. SplitColQualList($5, &n->constraints, &n->collClause, &n->clientLogicColumnRef, yyscanner);：调用函数 SplitColQualList，将解析得到的列限制、排序规则和客户逻辑列引用传递给相应的字段。
  19. $$ = (Node *)n;：将构造的列定义节点 n 赋值给规则的结果。
  20. ;：表示语法规则结束。

  其中，ColumnDef 结构一般在数据库的源代码中进行定义。它通常是作为系统内部数据结构的一部分，用于表示用户在创建表时定义的列的属性。
  ColumnDef 结构源码如下：（路径：src/include/nodes/parsenodes_common.h）

/** ColumnDef - 列定义（用于各种创建操作）** 如果列有默认值，我们可以在“原始”形式（未经转换的解析树）或“处理过”形式（经过解析分析的可执行表达式树）中拥有该值的表达式，* 这取决于如何创建此 ColumnDef 节点（通过解析还是从现有关系继承）。在同一个节点中不应同时存在两者！** 类似地，我们可以在原始形式（表示为 CollateClause，arg==NULL）或处理过形式（校对的 OID）中拥有 COLLATE 规范。** 约束列表可能在由 gram.y 生成的原始解析树中包含 CONSTR_DEFAULT 项，但 transformCreateStmt 将删除该项并设置 raw_default。* CONSTR_DEFAULT 项不应出现在任何后续处理中。*/
typedef struct ColumnDef {NodeTag type;              /* 结点类型标记 */char *colname;             /* 列名 */TypeName *typname;         /* 列的数据类型 */int kvtype;                /* 如果使用 KV 存储，kv 属性类型 */int inhcount;              /* 列继承的次数 */bool is_local;             /* 列是否有本地（非继承）定义 */bool is_not_null;          /* 是否指定 NOT NULL 约束？ */bool is_from_type;         /* 列定义来自表类型 */bool is_serial;            /* 列是否是序列类型 */char storage;              /* attstorage 设置，或默认为 0 */int8 cmprs_mode;           /* 应用于此列的压缩方法 */Node *raw_default;         /* 默认值（未经转换的解析树） */Node *cooked_default;      /* 默认值（经过转换的表达式树） */CollateClause *collClause; /* 未经转换的 COLLATE 规范，如果有的话 */Oid collOid;               /* 校对 OID（如果未设置，则为 InvalidOid） */List *constraints;         /* 列的其他约束 */List *fdwoptions;          /* 每列的 FDW 选项 */ClientLogicColumnRef *clientLogicColumnRef; /* 客户端逻辑引用 */Position *position;Form_pg_attribute dropped_attr; /* 在创建类似表 OE 过程中被删除的属性的结构 */
} ColumnDef;

  这里重点来看看n->cmprs_mode = $3;也就是列的压缩方法是如何定义的：

ColCmprsMode:    /* 列压缩模式规则 */DELTA           {$$ = ATT_CMPR_DELTA;}        /* delta 压缩 */| PREFIX        {$$ = ATT_CMPR_PREFIX;}       /* 前缀压缩 */| DICTIONARY    {$$ = ATT_CMPR_DICTIONARY;}   /* 字典压缩 */| NUMSTR        {$$ = ATT_CMPR_NUMSTR;}       /* 数字-字符串压缩 */| NOCOMPRESS    {$$ = ATT_CMPR_NOCOMPRESS;}   /* 不压缩 */| /* EMPTY */   {$$ = ATT_CMPR_UNDEFINED;}    /* 用户未指定 */
;

  以上代码是 opengauss 数据库系统中定义列压缩模式的规则。每行代码对应了一种列压缩模式，例如 DELTA 压缩、前缀压缩、字典压缩等。在解析和创建表的过程中，用户可以通过指定列的压缩模式来定义对该列的数据压缩方式。根据语法规则，解析器会将不同的压缩模式转换为对应的内部表示值，以便在内部进行处理。

子模块（utility.cpp）

  函数 CreateCommand（路径：src/gausskernel/process/tcop/utility.cpp），用于处理创建表（CREATE 命令）的操作，源码如下：

/** Notice: parse_tree could be from cached plan, do not modify it under other memory context*/
#ifdef PGXC
void CreateCommand(CreateStmt *parse_tree, const char *query_string, ParamListInfo params, bool is_top_level, bool sent_to_remote)
#else
void CreateCommand(CreateStmt* parse_tree, const char* query_string, ParamListInfo params, bool is_top_level)
#endif{List* stmts = NIL;ListCell* l = NULL;Oid rel_oid;
#ifdef PGXCbool is_temp = false;bool is_object_temp = false;PGXCSubCluster* sub_cluster = NULL;char* tablespace_name = NULL;char relpersistence = RELPERSISTENCE_PERMANENT;bool table_is_exist = false;char* internal_data = NULL;List* uuids = (List*)copyObject(parse_tree->uuids);char* first_exec_node = NULL;bool is_first_node = false;char* query_string_with_info = (char*)query_string;char* query_string_with_data = (char*)query_string;if (IS_PGXC_COORDINATOR && !IsConnFromCoord()) {first_exec_node = find_first_exec_cn();is_first_node = (strcmp(first_exec_node, g_instance.attr.attr_common.PGXCNodeName) == 0);}
#endif/** DefineRelation() needs to know "isTopLevel"* by "DfsDDLIsTopLevelXact" to prevent "create hdfs table" running* inside a transaction block.*/if (IS_PGXC_COORDINATOR && !IsConnFromCoord())u_sess->exec_cxt.DfsDDLIsTopLevelXact = is_top_level;/* Run parse analysis ... */if (u_sess->attr.attr_sql.enable_parallel_ddl)stmts = transformCreateStmt((CreateStmt*)parse_tree, query_string, NIL, true, is_first_node);elsestmts = transformCreateStmt((CreateStmt*)parse_tree, query_string, NIL, false);/** If stmts is NULL, then the table is exists.* we need record that for searching the group of table.*/if (stmts == NIL) {table_is_exist = true;/** Just return here, if we continue* to send if not exists stmt, may* cause the inconsistency of metadata.* If we under xc_maintenance_mode, we can do* this to slove some problem of inconsistency.*/if (u_sess->attr.attr_common.xc_maintenance_mode == false)return;}#ifdef PGXCif (IS_MAIN_COORDINATOR) {/** Scan the list of objects.* Temporary tables are created on Datanodes only.* Non-temporary objects are created on all nodes.* In case temporary and non-temporary objects are mized return an error.*/bool is_first = true;foreach (l, stmts) {Node* stmt = (Node*)lfirst(l);if (IsA(stmt, CreateStmt)) {CreateStmt* stmt_loc = (CreateStmt*)stmt;sub_cluster = stmt_loc->subcluster;tablespace_name = stmt_loc->tablespacename;relpersistence = stmt_loc->relation->relpersistence;is_object_temp = stmt_loc->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP;internal_data = stmt_loc->internalData;if (is_object_temp)u_sess->exec_cxt.hasTempObject = true;if (is_first) {is_first = false;if (is_object_temp)is_temp = true;} else {if (is_object_temp != is_temp)ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("CREATE not supported for TEMP and non-TEMP objects"),errdetail("You should separate TEMP and non-TEMP objects")));}} else if (IsA(stmt, CreateForeignTableStmt)) {
#ifdef ENABLE_MULTIPLE_NODESvalidate_streaming_engine_status(stmt);
#endifif (in_logic_cluster()) {CreateStmt* stmt_loc = (CreateStmt*)stmt;sub_cluster = stmt_loc->subcluster;}/* There are no temporary foreign tables */if (is_first) {is_first = false;} else {if (!is_temp)ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("CREATE not supported for TEMP and non-TEMP objects"),errdetail("You should separate TEMP and non-TEMP objects")));}} else if (IsA(stmt, CreateSeqStmt)) {CreateSeqStmt* sstmt = (CreateSeqStmt*)stmt;Const* n = makeConst(INT8OID, -1, InvalidOid, sizeof(int64), Int64GetDatum(sstmt->uuid), false, true);uuids = lappend(uuids, n);}}/* Package the internalData after the query_string */if (internal_data != NULL) {query_string_with_data = append_internal_data_to_query(internal_data, query_string);}/** Now package the uuids message that create table on RemoteNode need.*/if (uuids != NIL) {char* uuid_info = nodeToString(uuids);AssembleHybridMessage(&query_string_with_info, query_string_with_data, uuid_info);} elsequery_string_with_info = query_string_with_data;}/** If I am the main execute CN but not CCN,* Notify the CCN to create firstly, and then notify other CNs except me.*/if (IS_PGXC_COORDINATOR && !IsConnFromCoord()) {if (u_sess->attr.attr_sql.enable_parallel_ddl && !is_first_node) {if (!sent_to_remote) {RemoteQuery* step = makeNode(RemoteQuery);step->combine_type = COMBINE_TYPE_SAME;step->sql_statement = (char*)query_string_with_info;if (is_object_temp)step->exec_type = EXEC_ON_NONE;elsestep->exec_type = EXEC_ON_COORDS;step->exec_nodes = NULL;step->is_temp = is_temp;ExecRemoteUtility_ParallelDDLMode(step, first_exec_node);pfree_ext(step);}}}if (u_sess->attr.attr_sql.enable_parallel_ddl) {if (IS_PGXC_COORDINATOR && !IsConnFromCoord() && !is_first_node)stmts = transformCreateStmt((CreateStmt*)parse_tree, query_string, uuids, false);}
#endif#ifdef PGXC/** Add a RemoteQuery node for a query at top level on a remote* Coordinator, if not already done so*/if (!sent_to_remote) {if (u_sess->attr.attr_sql.enable_parallel_ddl && !is_first_node)stmts = AddRemoteQueryNode(stmts, query_string_with_info, EXEC_ON_DATANODES, is_temp);elsestmts = AddRemoteQueryNode(stmts, query_string_with_info, CHOOSE_EXEC_NODES(is_object_temp), is_temp);if (IS_PGXC_COORDINATOR && !IsConnFromCoord() &&(sub_cluster == NULL || sub_cluster->clustertype == SUBCLUSTER_GROUP)) {const char* group_name = NULL;Oid group_oid = InvalidOid;/** If TO-GROUP clause is specified when creating table, we* only have to add required datanode in remote DDL execution*/if (sub_cluster != NULL) {ListCell* lc = NULL;foreach (lc, sub_cluster->members) {group_name = strVal(lfirst(lc));}} else if (in_logic_cluster() && !table_is_exist) {/**  for CreateForeignTableStmt ,*  CreateTableStmt with user not attached to logic cluster*/group_name = PgxcGroupGetCurrentLogicCluster();if (group_name == NULL) {ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT), errmsg("Cannot find logic cluster.")));}} else {Oid tablespace_id = InvalidOid;bool dfs_tablespace = false;if (tablespace_name != NULL) {tablespace_id = get_tablespace_oid(tablespace_name, false);} else {tablespace_id = GetDefaultTablespace(relpersistence);}/* Determine if we are working on a HDFS table. */dfs_tablespace = IsSpecifiedTblspc(tablespace_id, FILESYSTEM_HDFS);/** If TO-GROUP clause is not specified we are using the installation group to* distribute table.** For HDFS table/Foreign Table we don't refer default_storage_nodegroup* to make table creation.*/if (table_is_exist) {Oid rel_id = RangeVarGetRelid(((CreateStmt*)parse_tree)->relation, NoLock, true);if (OidIsValid(rel_id)) {Oid table_groupoid = get_pgxc_class_groupoid(rel_id);if (OidIsValid(table_groupoid)) {group_name = get_pgxc_groupname(table_groupoid);}}if (group_name == NULL) {group_name = PgxcGroupGetInstallationGroup();}} else if (dfs_tablespace || IsA(parse_tree, CreateForeignTableStmt)) {group_name = PgxcGroupGetInstallationGroup();} else if (strcmp(u_sess->attr.attr_sql.default_storage_nodegroup, INSTALLATION_MODE) == 0 ||u_sess->attr.attr_common.IsInplaceUpgrade) {group_name = PgxcGroupGetInstallationGroup();} else {group_name = u_sess->attr.attr_sql.default_storage_nodegroup;}/* If we didn't identify an installation node group error it out out */if (group_name == NULL) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),errmsg("Installation node group is not defined in current cluster")));}}/* Fetch group name */group_oid = get_pgxc_groupoid(group_name);if (!OidIsValid(group_oid)) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT), errmsg("Target node group \"%s\" doesn't exist", group_name)));}if (in_logic_cluster()) {check_logic_cluster_create_priv(group_oid, group_name);} else {/* No limit in logic cluster mode *//* check to block non-redistribution process creating table to old group */if (!u_sess->attr.attr_sql.enable_cluster_resize) {char in_redistribution = get_pgxc_group_redistributionstatus(group_oid);if (in_redistribution == 'y') {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("Unable to create table on old installation group \"%s\" while in cluster ""resizing.",group_name)));}}}/* Build exec_nodes to table creation */const int total_len = list_length(stmts);Node* node = (Node*)list_nth(stmts, (total_len - 1));// *node* should be a RemoteQuery NodeAssertEreport(query_string != NULL, MOD_EXECUTOR, "Node type is not remote type");RemoteQuery* rquery = (RemoteQuery*)node;// *exec_nodes* should be a NULL pointerAssertEreport(!rquery->exec_nodes, MOD_EXECUTOR, "remote query is not DN");rquery->exec_nodes = makeNode(ExecNodes);/* Set group oid here for sending bucket map to dn */rquery->exec_nodes->distribution.group_oid = group_oid;if (find_hashbucket_options(stmts)) {rquery->is_send_bucket_map = true;}/** Check node group permissions, we only do such kind of ACL check* for user-defined nodegroup(none-installation)*/AclResult acl_result = pg_nodegroup_aclcheck(group_oid, GetUserId(), ACL_CREATE);if (acl_result != ACLCHECK_OK) {aclcheck_error(acl_result, ACL_KIND_NODEGROUP, group_name);}/** Notice!!* In cluster resizing stage we need special processing logics in table creation as:*	[1]. create table delete_delta ... to group old_group on all DN*	[2]. display pgxc_group.group_members*	[3]. drop table delete_delta ==> drop delete_delta on all DN** So, as normal, when target node group's status is marked as 'installation' or* 'redistribution', we have to issue a full-DN create table request, remeber* pgxc_class.group_members still reflects table's logic distribution to tell pgxc* planner to build Scan operator in multi_nodegroup way. The reason we have to so is* to be compatible with current gs_switch_relfilenode() invokation in cluster expand* and shrunk mechanism.*/if (need_full_dn_execution(group_name)) {/* Sepcial path, issue full-DN create table request */rquery->exec_nodes->nodeList = GetAllDataNodes();} else {/* Normal path, issue only needs DNs in create table request */Oid* members = NULL;int nmembers = 0;nmembers = get_pgxc_groupmembers(group_oid, &members);/* Append nodeId to exec_nodes */rquery->exec_nodes->nodeList = GetNodeGroupNodeList(members, nmembers);pfree_ext(members);if (uuids && nmembers < u_sess->pgxc_cxt.NumDataNodes) {char* create_seqs;RemoteQuery* step;/* Create table in NodeGroup with sequence. */create_seqs = assemble_create_sequence_msg(stmts, uuids);step = make_remote_query_for_seq(rquery->exec_nodes, create_seqs);stmts = lappend(stmts, step);}}}}
#endifif (uuids != NIL) {list_free_deep(uuids);uuids = NIL;}/* ... and do it */foreach (l, stmts) {Node* stmt = (Node*)lfirst(l);if (IsA(stmt, CreateStmt)) {Datum toast_options;static const char* const validnsps[] = HEAP_RELOPT_NAMESPACES;/* forbid user to set or change inner options */ForbidOutUsersToSetInnerOptions(((CreateStmt*)stmt)->options);/* Create the table itself */rel_oid = DefineRelation((CreateStmt*)stmt,((CreateStmt*)stmt)->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW ?RELKIND_MATVIEW : RELKIND_RELATION,InvalidOid);/** Let AlterTableCreateToastTable decide if this one* needs a secondary relation too.*/CommandCounterIncrement();/* parse and validate reloptions for the toast table */toast_options =transformRelOptions((Datum)0, ((CreateStmt*)stmt)->options, "toast", validnsps, true, false);(void)heap_reloptions(RELKIND_TOASTVALUE, toast_options, true);AlterTableCreateToastTable(rel_oid, toast_options, ((CreateStmt *)stmt)->oldToastNode);AlterCStoreCreateTables(rel_oid, toast_options, (CreateStmt*)stmt);AlterDfsCreateTables(rel_oid, toast_options, (CreateStmt*)stmt);
#ifdef ENABLE_MULTIPLE_NODESDatum reloptions = transformRelOptions((Datum)0, ((CreateStmt*)stmt)->options, NULL, validnsps, true, false);StdRdOptions* std_opt = (StdRdOptions*)heap_reloptions(RELKIND_RELATION, reloptions, true);if (StdRelOptIsTsStore(std_opt)) {create_ts_store_tables(rel_oid, toast_options);}/* create partition policy if ttl or period defined */create_part_policy_if_needed((CreateStmt*)stmt, rel_oid);
#endif   /* ENABLE_MULTIPLE_NODES */} else if (IsA(stmt, CreateForeignTableStmt)) {/* forbid user to set or change inner options */ForbidOutUsersToSetInnerOptions(((CreateStmt*)stmt)->options);/* if this is a log ft, check its definition */check_log_ft_definition((CreateForeignTableStmt*)stmt);/* Create the table itself */if (pg_strcasecmp(((CreateForeignTableStmt *)stmt)->servername, STREAMING_SERVER) == 0) {/* Create stream */rel_oid = DefineRelation((CreateStmt*)stmt, RELKIND_STREAM, InvalidOid);} else {/* Create foreign table */rel_oid = DefineRelation((CreateStmt*)stmt, RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE, InvalidOid);}CreateForeignTable((CreateForeignTableStmt*)stmt, rel_oid);} else {if (IsA(stmt, AlterTableStmt))((AlterTableStmt*)stmt)->fromCreate = true;/* Recurse for anything else */ProcessUtility(stmt,query_string_with_info,params,false,None_Receiver,
#ifdef PGXCtrue,
#endif /* PGXC */NULL);}/* Need CCI between commands */if (lnext(l) != NULL)CommandCounterIncrement();}/* reset */t_thrd.xact_cxt.inheritFileNode = false;parse_tree->uuids = NIL;
}

  CreateCommand 函数负责处理 CREATE TABLE、CREATE FOREIGN TABLE 等创建表的 SQL 语句。下面简单介绍一下CreateCommand 函数的执行流程：

  1. 在开始之前，根据宏定义，函数有不同的参数，具体分为 PGXC（PostgreSQL扩展性集群）模式和非 PGXC 模式。在 PGXC 模式下，还有一些额外的变量用于并行 DDL（数据定义语言）执行和集群扩展/缩减。
  2. 这个函数首先初始化一些变量，包括一些用于 PGXC 模式下的信息，例如集群信息、表空间名、表的持久性等。
  3. 设置当前会话的状态，以便 DefineRelation() 函数判断是否需要执行 DDL 语句。对于 PGXC 模式，还会设置并行 DDL 的状态。
  4. 进行解析分析，将原始的 parse_tree 转化为一个列表 stmts，其中包含了各种 DDL 语句。解析分析是数据库执行 DDL 语句的第一步，将原始的语法树转换为可以执行的逻辑语句。
  5. 如果 stmts 为空，意味着表已经存在，会标记 table_is_exist 为真。这可能会在集群中有一些特殊的处理，具体操作可能会终止或返回。
  6. 在 PGXC 模式下，根据一些条件判断，选择性地设置 query_string_with_info，可能包含集群信息和UUID等。
  7. 在 PGXC 模式下，如果当前节点是主协调器且不是从协调器连接的，会根据条件发送远程查询，进行表的创建操作，具体取决于表的临时性质和是否启用并行 DDL。
  8. 在 PGXC 模式下，如果启用了并行 DDL，会再次进行解析分析，为了在并行 DDL 模式下对每个节点进行处理。
  9. 进行迭代处理 stmts 列表中的每个语句，根据语句类型分别执行相应的操作：
  • 如果是 CreateStmt，调用 DefineRelation 函数定义表，然后根据情况创建相应的关联表（如 TOAST 表、列存储表、分布式表等）。
  • 如果是 CreateForeignTableStmt，调用 DefineRelation 函数定义外部表，然后根据情况创建相应的外部表。
  • 对于其他类型的语句，进行递归处理。
  1. 在语句执行之间，增加 CommandCounter，确保在不同语句之间的数据一致性。
  2. 最后，清理和释放一些资源，包括清空 uuids 列表和重置相关状态。

  其中，函数 DefineRelation 是用于创建新表及其元数据的核心函数，它涵盖了与表的物理存储和逻辑结构相关的各种操作，并确保表的定义符合数据库系统的要求。
  DefineRelation 函数源码如下：（路径：src/gausskernel/optimizer/commands/tablecmds.cpp）

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------*		DefineRelation*				Creates a new relation.** stmt carries parsetree information from an ordinary CREATE TABLE statement.* The other arguments are used to extend the behavior for other cases:* relkind: relkind to assign to the new relation* ownerId: if not InvalidOid, use this as the new relation's owner.** Note that permissions checks are done against current user regardless of* ownerId.  A nonzero ownerId is used when someone is creating a relation* "on behalf of" someone else, so we still want to see that the current user* has permissions to do it.** If successful, returns the OID of the new relation.* ----------------------------------------------------------------*/
Oid DefineRelation(CreateStmt* stmt, char relkind, Oid ownerId)
{char relname[NAMEDATALEN];Oid namespaceId;List* schema = stmt->tableElts;Oid relationId;Oid tablespaceId;Relation rel;TupleDesc descriptor;List* inheritOids = NIL;List* old_constraints = NIL;bool localHasOids = false;int parentOidCount;List* rawDefaults = NIL;List* cookedDefaults = NIL;List *ceLst = NIL;Datum reloptions;ListCell* listptr = NULL;AttrNumber attnum;static const char* const validnsps[] = HEAP_RELOPT_NAMESPACES;Oid ofTypeId;Node* orientedFrom = NULL;char* storeChar = ORIENTATION_ROW;bool timeseries_checked = false;bool dfsTablespace = false;bool isInitdbOnDN = false;HashBucketInfo* bucketinfo = NULL;DistributionType distType;/** isalter is true, change the owner of the objects as the owner of the* namespace, if the owner of the namespce has the same name as the namescpe*/bool isalter = false;bool hashbucket = false;bool relisshared = u_sess->attr.attr_common.IsInplaceUpgrade && u_sess->upg_cxt.new_catalog_isshared;errno_t rc;/** Truncate relname to appropriate length (probably a waste of time, as* parser should have done this already).*/rc = strncpy_s(relname, NAMEDATALEN, stmt->relation->relname, NAMEDATALEN - 1);securec_check(rc, "", "");if (stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED && STMT_RETRY_ENABLED)stmt->relation->relpersistence = RELPERSISTENCE_PERMANENT;/* During grayscale upgrade, forbid creating LIST/RANGE tables if workingVersionNum is too low. */if (stmt->distributeby != NULL) {distType = stmt->distributeby->disttype;if ((distType == DISTTYPE_RANGE || distType == DISTTYPE_LIST) && t_thrd.proc->workingVersionNum < RANGE_LIST_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION_NUM) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("Working Version Num less than %u does not support LIST/RANGE distributed tables.", RANGE_LIST_DISTRIBUTION_VERSION_NUM)));}}/** Check consistency of arguments*/if (stmt->oncommit != ONCOMMIT_NOOP&& !(stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP|| stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_GLOBAL_TEMP)) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),errmsg("ON COMMIT can only be used on temporary tables")));}//@Temp Table. We do not support on commit drop right now.if ((stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP|| stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_GLOBAL_TEMP)&& stmt->oncommit == ONCOMMIT_DROP) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),errmsg("ON COMMIT only support PRESERVE ROWS or DELETE ROWS option")));}if (stmt->constraints != NIL && relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE) {ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE), errmsg("constraints on foreign tables are not supported")));}if (stmt->constraints != NIL && relkind == RELKIND_STREAM) {ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE), errmsg("constraints on streams are not supported")));}/** For foreign table ROUNDROBIN distribution is a built-in support.*/if (IsA(stmt, CreateForeignTableStmt) &&(IsSpecifiedFDW(((CreateForeignTableStmt*)stmt)->servername, DIST_FDW) ||IsSpecifiedFDW(((CreateForeignTableStmt*)stmt)->servername, LOG_FDW) ||IsSpecifiedFDW(((CreateForeignTableStmt*)stmt)->servername, GC_FDW)) &&(IS_PGXC_COORDINATOR || (isRestoreMode && stmt->subcluster)) && !stmt->distributeby) {stmt->distributeby = makeNode(DistributeBy);stmt->distributeby->disttype = DISTTYPE_ROUNDROBIN;stmt->distributeby->colname = NULL;}/** Look up the namespace in which we are supposed to create the relation,* check we have permission to create there, lock it against concurrent* drop, and mark stmt->relation as RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP if a temporary* namespace is selected.*/namespaceId = RangeVarGetAndCheckCreationNamespace(stmt->relation, NoLock, NULL);if (u_sess->attr.attr_sql.enforce_a_behavior) {/* Identify user ID that will own the table** change the owner of the objects as the owner of the namespace* if the owner of the namespce has the same name as the namescpe* note: the object must be of the ordinary table, sequence, view or*		composite type*/if (!OidIsValid(ownerId) && (relkind == RELKIND_RELATION || relkind == RELKIND_SEQUENCE ||relkind == RELKIND_VIEW || relkind == RELKIND_COMPOSITE_TYPE|| relkind == RELKIND_CONTQUERY))ownerId = GetUserIdFromNspId(namespaceId);if (!OidIsValid(ownerId))ownerId = GetUserId();else if (ownerId != GetUserId())isalter = true;if (isalter) {/* Check namespace permissions. */AclResult aclresult;aclresult = pg_namespace_aclcheck(namespaceId, ownerId, ACL_CREATE);if (aclresult != ACLCHECK_OK)aclcheck_error(aclresult, ACL_KIND_NAMESPACE, get_namespace_name(namespaceId));}}/** Security check: disallow creating temp tables from security-restricted* code.  This is needed because calling code might not expect untrusted* tables to appear in pg_temp at the front of its search path.*/if ((stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP|| stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_GLOBAL_TEMP)&& InSecurityRestrictedOperation()) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE),errmsg("cannot create temporary table within security-restricted operation")));}/** Select tablespace to use.  If not specified, use default tablespace* (which may in turn default to database's default).*/if (stmt->tablespacename) {tablespaceId = get_tablespace_oid(stmt->tablespacename, false);} else {tablespaceId = GetDefaultTablespace(stmt->relation->relpersistence);/* note InvalidOid is OK in this case */}dfsTablespace = IsSpecifiedTblspc(tablespaceId, FILESYSTEM_HDFS);if (dfsTablespace) {FEATURE_NOT_PUBLIC_ERROR("HDFS is not yet supported.");}if (dfsTablespace && is_feature_disabled(DATA_STORAGE_FORMAT)) {ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED), errmsg("Unsupport the dfs table in this version.")));}PreCheckCreatedObj(stmt, dfsTablespace, relkind);/* Check permissions except when using database's default */if (OidIsValid(tablespaceId) && tablespaceId != u_sess->proc_cxt.MyDatabaseTableSpace) {AclResult aclresult;aclresult = pg_tablespace_aclcheck(tablespaceId, GetUserId(), ACL_CREATE);if (aclresult != ACLCHECK_OK)aclcheck_error(aclresult, ACL_KIND_TABLESPACE, get_tablespace_name(tablespaceId));// view is not related to tablespace, so no need to check permissionsif (isalter && relkind != RELKIND_VIEW &&  relkind != RELKIND_CONTQUERY) {aclresult = pg_tablespace_aclcheck(tablespaceId, ownerId, ACL_CREATE);if (aclresult != ACLCHECK_OK)aclcheck_error(aclresult, ACL_KIND_TABLESPACE, get_tablespace_name(tablespaceId));}}/* In all cases disallow placing user relations in pg_global */if (!relisshared && tablespaceId == GLOBALTABLESPACE_OID)ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),errmsg("only shared relations can be placed in pg_global tablespace")));/* Identify user ID that will own the table */if (!OidIsValid(ownerId))ownerId = GetUserId();/* Add default options for relation if need. */if (!dfsTablespace) {if (!u_sess->attr.attr_common.IsInplaceUpgrade) {stmt->options = AddDefaultOptionsIfNeed(stmt->options, relkind, stmt->row_compress);}} else {checkObjectCreatedinHDFSTblspc(stmt, relkind);}/* Only support one partial cluster key for dfs table. */if (stmt->clusterKeys && list_length(stmt->clusterKeys) > 1) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),errmsg("Only support one partial cluster key for dfs/cstore table.")));}/* Check tablespace's permissions for partition */if (stmt->partTableState) {check_part_tbl_space(stmt, ownerId, dfsTablespace);}/** Parse and validate reloptions, if any.*//* global temp table */OnCommitAction oncommitAction = GttOncommitOption(stmt->options);if (stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_GLOBAL_TEMP&& relkind == RELKIND_RELATION) {if (oncommitAction != ONCOMMIT_NOOP && stmt->oncommit == ONCOMMIT_NOOP) {stmt->oncommit = oncommitAction;} else {if (oncommitAction != ONCOMMIT_NOOP && stmt->oncommit != ONCOMMIT_NOOP) {stmt->options = RemoveRelOption(stmt->options, "on_commit_delete_rows", NULL);}DefElem *opt = makeNode(DefElem);opt->type = T_DefElem;opt->defnamespace = NULL;opt->defname = "on_commit_delete_rows";opt->defaction = DEFELEM_UNSPEC;/* use reloptions to remember on commit clause */if (stmt->oncommit == ONCOMMIT_DELETE_ROWS) {opt->arg = reinterpret_cast<Node *>(makeString("true"));} else if (stmt->oncommit == ONCOMMIT_PRESERVE_ROWS) {opt->arg = reinterpret_cast<Node *>(makeString("false"));} else if (stmt->oncommit == ONCOMMIT_NOOP) {opt->arg = reinterpret_cast<Node *>(makeString("false"));} else {elog(ERROR, "global temp table not support on commit drop clause");}stmt->options = lappend(stmt->options, opt);}} else if (oncommitAction != ONCOMMIT_NOOP) {elog(ERROR, "The parameter on_commit_delete_rows is exclusive to the global temp table, which cannot be ""specified by a regular table");}reloptions = transformRelOptions((Datum)0, stmt->options, NULL, validnsps, true, false);orientedFrom = (Node*)makeString(ORIENTATION_ROW); /* default is ORIENTATION_ROW */StdRdOptions* std_opt = (StdRdOptions*)heap_reloptions(relkind, reloptions, true);if (std_opt != NULL) {hashbucket = std_opt->hashbucket;if (hashbucket == true && t_thrd.proc->workingVersionNum < 92063) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("hash bucket table not supported in current version!")));}if (pg_strcasecmp(ORIENTATION_COLUMN, StdRdOptionsGetStringData(std_opt, orientation, ORIENTATION_ROW)) == 0) {orientedFrom = (Node*)makeString(ORIENTATION_COLUMN);storeChar = ORIENTATION_COLUMN;} else if (pg_strcasecmp(ORIENTATION_ORC,StdRdOptionsGetStringData(std_opt, orientation, ORIENTATION_ROW)) == 0) {/** Don't allow "create DFS table" to run inside a transaction block.** "DfsDDLIsTopLevelXact" is set in "case T_CreateStmt" of* standard_ProcessUtility()** exception: allow "CREATE DFS TABLE" operation in transaction block* during redis a table.*/if (IS_PGXC_COORDINATOR && !IsConnFromCoord() && u_sess->attr.attr_sql.enable_cluster_resize == false)PreventTransactionChain(u_sess->exec_cxt.DfsDDLIsTopLevelXact, "CREATE DFS TABLE");orientedFrom = (Node*)makeString(ORIENTATION_ORC);storeChar = ORIENTATION_COLUMN;} else if(0 == pg_strcasecmp(ORIENTATION_TIMESERIES,StdRdOptionsGetStringData(std_opt, orientation, ORIENTATION_ROW))) {orientedFrom = (Node *)makeString(ORIENTATION_TIMESERIES);storeChar = ORIENTATION_TIMESERIES;/* for ts table redistribute, timeseries table redis_ is reserved */if (!u_sess->attr.attr_sql.enable_cluster_resize) {if (strncmp(relname, "redis_", 6) == 0) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),errmsg("Invalid table name prefix redis_, reserved in redis mode.")));}}/** Check the kvtype parameter legality for timeseries storage method.* If all the kvtype exclude tstime are same, change the orientation to row or column explicitly.*/timeseries_checked = validate_timeseries(&stmt, &reloptions, &storeChar, &orientedFrom);std_opt = (StdRdOptions*)heap_reloptions(relkind, reloptions, true);}// Set kvtype to ATT_KV_UNDEFINED in row-oriented or column-oriented table.if (0 != pg_strcasecmp(storeChar, ORIENTATION_TIMESERIES)) {clear_kvtype_row_column(stmt);}/** Because we also support create partition policy for non timeseries table, we should check parameter* ttl and period if it contains*/if (timeseries_checked ||0 != pg_strcasecmp(TIME_UNDEFINED, StdRdOptionsGetStringData(std_opt, ttl, TIME_UNDEFINED)) ||0 != pg_strcasecmp(TIME_UNDEFINED, StdRdOptionsGetStringData(std_opt, period, TIME_UNDEFINED))) {partition_policy_check(stmt, std_opt, timeseries_checked);if (stmt->partTableState != NULL) {check_part_tbl_space(stmt, ownerId, dfsTablespace);checkPartitionSynax(stmt);}}if (IS_SINGLE_NODE && stmt->partTableState != NULL) {if (stmt->partTableState->rowMovement != ROWMOVEMENT_DISABLE)stmt->partTableState->rowMovement = ROWMOVEMENT_ENABLE;}if (0 == pg_strcasecmp(storeChar, ORIENTATION_COLUMN)) {CheckCStoreUnsupportedFeature(stmt);CheckCStoreRelOption(std_opt);ForbidToSetOptionsForColTbl(stmt->options);if (stmt->partTableState) {if (stmt->partTableState->rowMovement == ROWMOVEMENT_DISABLE) {ereport(NOTICE,(errmsg("disable row movement is invalid for column stored tables."" They always enable row movement between partitions.")));}/* always enable rowmovement for column stored tables */stmt->partTableState->rowMovement = ROWMOVEMENT_ENABLE;}} else if (0 == pg_strcasecmp(storeChar, ORIENTATION_TIMESERIES)) {/* check both support coloumn store and row store */CheckCStoreUnsupportedFeature(stmt);CheckCStoreRelOption(std_opt);if (stmt->partTableState) {if (stmt->partTableState->rowMovement == ROWMOVEMENT_DISABLE)ereport(NOTICE,(errmsg("disable row movement is invalid for timeseries stored tables."" They always enable row movement between partitions.")));/* always enable rowmovement for column stored tables */stmt->partTableState->rowMovement = ROWMOVEMENT_ENABLE;}if (relkind == RELKIND_RELATION) {/* only care heap relation. ignore foreign table and index relation */forbid_to_set_options_for_timeseries_tbl(stmt->options);}/* construct distribute keys using tstag if not specified */if (stmt->distributeby == NULL) {ListCell* cell = NULL;DistributeBy* newnode = makeNode(DistributeBy);List* colnames = NIL;newnode->disttype = DISTTYPE_HASH;foreach (cell, schema) {ColumnDef* colDef = (ColumnDef*)lfirst(cell);if (colDef->kvtype == ATT_KV_TAG && IsTypeDistributable(colDef->typname->typeOid)) {colnames = lappend(colnames, makeString(colDef->colname));}}if (list_length(colnames) == 0) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),errmsg("No column can be used as distribution column.")));}newnode->colname = colnames;stmt->distributeby = newnode;/* if specified hidetag, add a hidden column as distribution column */} else if (stmt->distributeby->disttype == DISTTYPE_HIDETAG &&stmt->distributeby->colname == NULL) {bool has_distcol = false;ListCell* cell;foreach (cell, schema) {ColumnDef* colDef = (ColumnDef*)lfirst(cell);if (colDef->kvtype == ATT_KV_TAG && IsTypeDistributable(colDef->typname->typeOid)) {has_distcol = true;}}if (!has_distcol) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),errmsg("No column can be used as distribution column.")));}ColumnDef* colDef = makeColumnDef(TS_PSEUDO_DIST_COLUMN, "char");colDef->kvtype = ATT_KV_HIDE;stmt->tableElts = lappend(stmt->tableElts, colDef);/* still use hash logic later */DistributeBy* distnode = stmt->distributeby;distnode->disttype = DISTTYPE_HASH;distnode->colname = lappend(distnode->colname, makeString(colDef->colname));ereport(LOG, (errmodule(MOD_TIMESERIES), errmsg("use implicit distribution column method.")));}} else {if (relkind == RELKIND_RELATION) {/* only care heap relation. ignore foreign table and index relation */ForbidToSetOptionsForRowTbl(stmt->options);}}pfree_ext(std_opt);}if (pg_strcasecmp(storeChar, ORIENTATION_ROW) == 0) {RowTblCheckCompressionOption(stmt->options);}if (stmt->ofTypename) {AclResult aclresult;ofTypeId = typenameTypeId(NULL, stmt->ofTypename);aclresult = pg_type_aclcheck(ofTypeId, GetUserId(), ACL_USAGE);if (aclresult != ACLCHECK_OK)aclcheck_error_type(aclresult, ofTypeId);if (isalter) {ofTypeId = typenameTypeId(NULL, stmt->ofTypename);aclresult = pg_type_aclcheck(ofTypeId, ownerId, ACL_USAGE);if (aclresult != ACLCHECK_OK)aclcheck_error_type(aclresult, ofTypeId);}} elseofTypeId = InvalidOid;/** Look up inheritance ancestors and generate relation schema, including* inherited attributes.*/schema = MergeAttributes(schema, stmt->inhRelations, stmt->relation->relpersistence, &inheritOids, &old_constraints, &parentOidCount);/** Create a tuple descriptor from the relation schema.	Note that this* deals with column names, types, and NOT NULL constraints, but not* default values or CHECK constraints; we handle those below.*/if (relkind == RELKIND_COMPOSITE_TYPE)descriptor = BuildDescForRelation(schema, orientedFrom, relkind);elsedescriptor = BuildDescForRelation(schema, orientedFrom);/* Must specify at least one column when creating a table. */if (descriptor->natts == 0 && relkind != RELKIND_COMPOSITE_TYPE) {ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED), errmsg("must have at least one column")));}if (stmt->partTableState) {List* pos = NIL;/* get partitionkey's position */pos = GetPartitionkeyPos(stmt->partTableState->partitionKey, schema);/* check partitionkey's datatype */if (stmt->partTableState->partitionStrategy == PART_STRATEGY_VALUE) {CheckValuePartitionKeyType(descriptor->attrs, pos);} else if (stmt->partTableState->partitionStrategy == PART_STRATEGY_INTERVAL) {CheckIntervalPartitionKeyType(descriptor->attrs, pos);CheckIntervalValue(descriptor->attrs, pos, stmt->partTableState->intervalPartDef);} else if (stmt->partTableState->partitionStrategy == PART_STRATEGY_RANGE) {CheckRangePartitionKeyType(descriptor->attrs, pos);} else if (stmt->partTableState->partitionStrategy == PART_STRATEGY_LIST) {CheckListPartitionKeyType(descriptor->attrs, pos);} else if (stmt->partTableState->partitionStrategy == PART_STRATEGY_HASH) {CheckHashPartitionKeyType(descriptor->attrs, pos);} else {list_free_ext(pos);ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED), errmsg("Unsupported partition table!")));}/** Check partitionkey's value for none value-partition table as for value* partition table, partition value is known until data get loaded.*/if (stmt->partTableState->partitionStrategy != PART_STRATEGY_VALUE && stmt->partTableState->partitionStrategy != PART_STRATEGY_HASH &&stmt->partTableState->partitionStrategy != PART_STRATEGY_LIST)ComparePartitionValue(pos, descriptor->attrs, stmt->partTableState->partitionList);else if (stmt->partTableState->partitionStrategy == PART_STRATEGY_LIST)CompareListValue(pos, descriptor->attrs, stmt->partTableState);list_free_ext(pos);}localHasOids = interpretOidsOption(stmt->options);descriptor->tdhasoid = (localHasOids || parentOidCount > 0);if ((pg_strcasecmp(storeChar, ORIENTATION_COLUMN) == 0 || pg_strcasecmp(storeChar, ORIENTATION_TIMESERIES) == 0) &&localHasOids) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("Local OID column not supported in column/timeseries store tables.")));}bool is_gc_fdw = false;if (!isRestoreMode && IsA(stmt, CreateForeignTableStmt) &&(IsSpecifiedFDW(((CreateForeignTableStmt*)stmt)->servername, GC_FDW))) {is_gc_fdw = true;}/** Find columns with default values and prepare for insertion of the* defaults.  Pre-cooked (that is, inherited) defaults go into a list of* CookedConstraint structs that we'll pass to heap_create_with_catalog,* while raw defaults go into a list of RawColumnDefault structs that will* be processed by AddRelationNewConstraints.  (We can't deal with raw* expressions until we can do transformExpr.)** We can set the atthasdef flags now in the tuple descriptor; this just* saves StoreAttrDefault from having to do an immediate update of the* pg_attribute rows.*/rawDefaults = NIL;cookedDefaults = NIL;attnum = 0;foreach (listptr, schema) {ColumnDef* colDef = (ColumnDef*)lfirst(listptr);attnum++;if (is_gc_fdw) {if (colDef->constraints != NULL || colDef->is_not_null == true) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),errmsg("column constraint on postgres foreign tables are not supported")));}Type ctype = typenameType(NULL, colDef->typname, NULL);if (ctype) {Form_pg_type typtup = (Form_pg_type)GETSTRUCT(ctype);if (typtup->typrelid > 0) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),errmsg("relation type column on postgres foreign tables are not supported")));}ReleaseSysCache(ctype);}}if (colDef->raw_default != NULL) {RawColumnDefault* rawEnt = NULL;if (relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE) {if (!(IsA(stmt, CreateForeignTableStmt) && (
#ifdef ENABLE_MOTisMOTTableFromSrvName(((CreateForeignTableStmt*)stmt)->servername) ||
#endifisPostgresFDWFromSrvName(((CreateForeignTableStmt*)stmt)->servername))))ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),errmsg("default values on foreign tables are not supported")));}if (relkind == RELKIND_STREAM) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE), errmsg("default values on streams are not supported")));}Assert(colDef->cooked_default == NULL);rawEnt = (RawColumnDefault*)palloc(sizeof(RawColumnDefault));rawEnt->attnum = attnum;rawEnt->raw_default = colDef->raw_default;rawDefaults = lappend(rawDefaults, rawEnt);descriptor->attrs[attnum - 1]->atthasdef = true;} else if (colDef->cooked_default != NULL) {CookedConstraint* cooked = NULL;cooked = (CookedConstraint*)palloc(sizeof(CookedConstraint));cooked->contype = CONSTR_DEFAULT;cooked->name = NULL;cooked->attnum = attnum;cooked->expr = colDef->cooked_default;cooked->skip_validation = false;cooked->is_local = true; /* not used for defaults */cooked->inhcount = 0;    /* ditto */cooked->is_no_inherit = false;cookedDefaults = lappend(cookedDefaults, cooked);descriptor->attrs[attnum - 1]->atthasdef = true;}if (colDef->clientLogicColumnRef != NULL) {CeHeapInfo *ceHeapInfo = NULL;ceHeapInfo = (CeHeapInfo*) palloc(sizeof(CeHeapInfo));ceHeapInfo->attnum = attnum;set_column_encryption(colDef, ceHeapInfo);ceLst = lappend (ceLst, ceHeapInfo);}}/*Get hash partition key based on relation distribution info*/bool createbucket = false;/* restore mode */if (isRestoreMode) {/* table need hash partition */if (hashbucket == true) {/* here is dn */if (u_sess->storage_cxt.dumpHashbucketIds != NULL) {Assert(stmt->distributeby == NULL);createbucket = true;} else {if (unlikely(stmt->distributeby == NULL)) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_UNEXPECTED_NULL_VALUE), errmsg("distributeby is NULL.")));}}bucketinfo = GetRelationBucketInfo(stmt->distributeby, descriptor, &createbucket, InvalidOid, true);Assert((createbucket == true && bucketinfo->bucketlist != NULL && bucketinfo->bucketcol != NULL) ||(createbucket == false && bucketinfo->bucketlist == NULL && bucketinfo->bucketcol != NULL));}} else {/* here is normal mode *//* check if the table can be hash partition */if (!IS_SINGLE_NODE && !IsInitdb && (relkind == RELKIND_RELATION) && !IsSystemNamespace(namespaceId) &&!IsCStoreNamespace(namespaceId) && (0 == pg_strcasecmp(storeChar, ORIENTATION_ROW)) &&(stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_PERMANENT)) {if (hashbucket == true || u_sess->attr.attr_storage.enable_hashbucket) {if (IS_PGXC_DATANODE) {createbucket = true;}bucketinfo = GetRelationBucketInfo(stmt->distributeby, descriptor, &createbucket, stmt->oldBucket, hashbucket);Assert((bucketinfo == NULL && u_sess->attr.attr_storage.enable_hashbucket) ||(createbucket == true && bucketinfo->bucketlist != NULL && bucketinfo->bucketcol != NULL) ||(createbucket == false && bucketinfo->bucketlist == NULL && bucketinfo->bucketcol != NULL));}} else if (hashbucket == true) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("The table %s do not support hash bucket", stmt->relation->relname)));}}/** Create the relation.  Inherited defaults and constraints are passed in* for immediate handling --- since they don't need parsing, they can be* stored immediately.*/relationId = heap_create_with_catalog(relname,namespaceId,tablespaceId,InvalidOid,InvalidOid,ofTypeId,ownerId,descriptor,list_concat(cookedDefaults, old_constraints),relkind,stmt->relation->relpersistence,relisshared,relisshared,localHasOids,parentOidCount,stmt->oncommit,reloptions,true,(g_instance.attr.attr_common.allowSystemTableMods || u_sess->attr.attr_common.IsInplaceUpgrade),stmt->partTableState,stmt->row_compress,stmt->oldNode,bucketinfo,true,ceLst);if (bucketinfo != NULL) {pfree_ext(bucketinfo->bucketcol);pfree_ext(bucketinfo->bucketlist);pfree_ext(bucketinfo);}/* Store inheritance information for new rel. */StoreCatalogInheritance(relationId, inheritOids);/** We must bump the command counter to make the newly-created relation* tuple visible for opening.*/CommandCounterIncrement();#ifdef PGXC/** Add to pgxc_class.* we need to do this after CommandCounterIncrement* Distribution info is to be added under the following conditions:* 1. The create table command is being run on a coordinator* 2. The create table command is being run in restore mode and*    the statement contains distribute by clause.*    While adding a new datanode to the cluster an existing dump*    that was taken from a datanode is used, and*    While adding a new coordinator to the cluster an exiting dump*    that was taken from a coordinator is used.*    The dump taken from a datanode does NOT contain any DISTRIBUTE BY*    clause. This fact is used here to make sure that when the*    DISTRIBUTE BY clause is missing in the statemnet the system*    should not try to find out the node list itself.* 3. When the sum of shmemNumDataNodes and shmemNumCoords equals to one,*    the create table command is executed on datanode.In this case, we*    do not write created table info in pgxc_class.*/if ((*t_thrd.pgxc_cxt.shmemNumDataNodes + *t_thrd.pgxc_cxt.shmemNumCoords) == 1)isInitdbOnDN = true;if ((!u_sess->attr.attr_common.IsInplaceUpgrade || !IsSystemNamespace(namespaceId)) &&(IS_PGXC_COORDINATOR || (isRestoreMode && stmt->distributeby != NULL && !isInitdbOnDN)) &&(relkind == RELKIND_RELATION || relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW ||(relkind == RELKIND_STREAM && stmt->distributeby != NULL) ||
#ifdef ENABLE_MOT(relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE && (stmt->distributeby != NULL ||(IsA(stmt, CreateForeignTableStmt) &&isMOTTableFromSrvName(((CreateForeignTableStmt*)stmt)->servername)))))) {
#else(relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE && stmt->distributeby != NULL))) {
#endifchar* logic_cluster_name = NULL;PGXCSubCluster* subcluster = stmt->subcluster;bool isinstallationgroup = (dfsTablespace || relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE || relkind == RELKIND_STREAM);if (in_logic_cluster()) {isinstallationgroup = false;if (subcluster == NULL) {logic_cluster_name = PgxcGroupGetCurrentLogicCluster();if (logic_cluster_name != NULL) {subcluster = makeNode(PGXCSubCluster);subcluster->clustertype = SUBCLUSTER_GROUP;subcluster->members = list_make1(makeString(logic_cluster_name));}}}/* assemble referenceoid for slice reference table creation */FetchSliceReftableOid(stmt, namespaceId);AddRelationDistribution(relname, relationId, stmt->distributeby, subcluster, inheritOids, descriptor, isinstallationgroup);if (logic_cluster_name != NULL && subcluster != NULL) {list_free_deep(subcluster->members);pfree_ext(subcluster);pfree_ext(logic_cluster_name);}CommandCounterIncrement();/* Make sure locator info gets rebuilt */RelationCacheInvalidateEntry(relationId);}/* If no Datanodes defined, do not create foreign table  */if (IS_PGXC_COORDINATOR && (relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE || relkind == RELKIND_STREAM) && u_sess->pgxc_cxt.NumDataNodes == 0) {ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT), errmsg("No Datanode defined in cluster")));}
#endif/** Open the new relation and acquire exclusive lock on it.	This isn't* really necessary for locking out other backends (since they can't see* the new rel anyway until we commit), but it keeps the lock manager from* complaining about deadlock risks.*/rel = relation_open(relationId, AccessExclusiveLock);/** Now add any newly specified column default values and CHECK constraints* to the new relation.  These are passed to us in the form of raw* parsetrees; we need to transform them to executable expression trees* before they can be added. The most convenient way to do that is to* apply the parser's transformExpr routine, but transformExpr doesn't* work unless we have a pre-existing relation. So, the transformation has* to be postponed to this final step of CREATE TABLE.*/if (rawDefaults != NULL || stmt->constraints != NULL) {List *tmp = AddRelationNewConstraints(rel, rawDefaults, stmt->constraints, true, true);list_free_ext(tmp);}/** Now add any cluter key constraint for relation if has.*/if (stmt->clusterKeys)AddRelClusterConstraints(rel, stmt->clusterKeys);/** Clean up.  We keep lock on new relation (although it shouldn't be* visible to anyone else anyway, until commit).*/relation_close(rel, NoLock);list_free_ext(rawDefaults);list_free_ext(ceLst);return relationId;
}

  可以看到 DefineRelation 函数非常的长，没关系，我们只看我们需要的部分就可以啦。
  首先，来看一下 heap_reloptions 函数， heap_reloptions 函数用于获取表的存储选项，它需要传入表的类型 relkind（如 RELKIND_RELATION 表示普通关系表，RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE 表示外部表等）以及 reloptions，它是一个存储选项列表。这些选项可以包括各种关于表的存储细节的信息。
  heap_reloptions 函数源码如下：（路径：src/gausskernel/storage/access/common/reloptions.cpp）

/** 解析堆、视图和 TOAST 表的选项。*/
bytea *heap_reloptions(char relkind, Datum reloptions, bool validate)
{StdRdOptions *rdopts = NULL;// 根据关系类型选择相应的选项解析switch (relkind) {case RELKIND_TOASTVALUE:// 对于 TOAST 表，使用默认选项解析，类型为 RELOPT_KIND_TOASTrdopts = (StdRdOptions *)default_reloptions(reloptions, validate, RELOPT_KIND_TOAST);if (rdopts != NULL) {/* 调整仅适用于 TOAST 关系的默认参数 */rdopts->fillfactor = 100;rdopts->autovacuum.analyze_threshold = -1;rdopts->autovacuum.analyze_scale_factor = -1;}return (bytea *)rdopts;case RELKIND_RELATION:// 对于堆关系，使用默认选项解析，类型为 RELOPT_KIND_HEAPreturn default_reloptions(reloptions, validate, RELOPT_KIND_HEAP);case RELKIND_VIEW:case RELKIND_CONTQUERY:case RELKIND_MATVIEW:// 对于视图、连续查询和物化视图，使用默认选项解析，类型为 RELOPT_KIND_VIEWreturn default_reloptions(reloptions, validate, RELOPT_KIND_VIEW);default:/* 不支持其他关系类型 */return NULL;}
}

  其中，RELKIND_TOASTVALUE、RELKIND_RELATION、RELKIND_VIEW、RELKIND_CONTQUERY和RELKIND_MATVIEW分别代表不同类型的数据库关系，表示以下含义：

数据库关系类型含义
RELKIND_TOASTVALUE用于存储大对象（Large Object，如大文本或大二进制数据）的分片数据。这些分片数据通常是对原始数据进行分段存储，以便在需要时进行透明的读取和管理。
RELKIND_RELATION这是普通的堆表（Heap Table），也就是一般的数据表。它用于存储实际的行数据，以及与之关联的各种列信息。
RELKIND_VIEW这是一个视图（View），它是一个虚拟的表，由查询定义而来。视图不存储实际的数据，而是提供对其他关系数据的逻辑视图。
RELKIND_CONTQUERY这是一种持续查询（Continuous Query），用于处理流数据（Stream Data）。持续查询关系允许用户定义一种查询，它可以随着新数据的到达而动态更新结果。
RELKIND_MATVIEW这是物化视图（Materialized View），也是一种虚拟的表，但是与普通视图不同，物化视图会实际存储计算结果，以提高查询性能。

  default_reloptions 函数的作用是获取一个指向表的默认关系选项的指针，以便后续的处理和使用。总而言之，heap_reloptions 函数的作用是提取存储信息，对表的 reloptions 进行提取，存储到 StdRdOptions 结构体中。
  以案例中的 SQL 语句为例：

openGauss=# CREATE TABLE customer_test2
(state_ID   CHAR(2),state_NAME VARCHAR2(40),area_ID    NUMBER
)
WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN);

  调试信息如下：
在这里插入图片描述
  接着再来分析如下判断条件：

if (pg_strcasecmp(ORIENTATION_COLUMN, StdRdOptionsGetStringData(std_opt, orientation, ORIENTATION_ROW)) == 0) {orientedFrom = (Node*)makeString(ORIENTATION_COLUMN);storeChar = ORIENTATION_COLUMN;}

  首先，它使用 StdRdOptionsGetStringData(std_opt, orientation, ORIENTATION_ROW) 从存储选项中获取方向信息，然后通过 pg_strcasecmp 函数将获取到的方向信息与字符串常量 ORIENTATION_COLUMN 进行不区分大小写的比较。
  如果比较的结果为 0，表示存储选项中的方向信息与 ORIENTATION_COLUMN 相匹配，那么就会执行以下操作：

  1. 将变量 orientedFrom 设置为一个表示列存储方向的节点，使用 makeString(ORIENTATION_COLUMN) 创建这个节点。
  2. 将变量 storeChar 设置为字符串常量 ORIENTATION_COLUMN，以便后续的操作可以使用这个标识来表示方向信息。

换句话说，这段代码的作用是检查存储选项中的方向信息是否为列存储，如果是，则设置相应的变量来表示这个信息。

  由实际案例的调试信息可以看到方向信息是列存储
在这里插入图片描述
  接着再来分析如下判断条件：

        // Set kvtype to ATT_KV_UNDEFINED in row-oriented or column-oriented table.if (0 != pg_strcasecmp(storeChar, ORIENTATION_TIMESERIES)) {clear_kvtype_row_column(stmt);}

  这个判断是在检查存储选项中的方向信息是否为 "TIMESERIES"，如果不是的话，就执行一个函数 clear_kvtype_row_column(stmt) 来设置表的 kvtype 属性为 ATT_KV_UNDEFINED。
  换句话说，当存储选项中的方向信息不是 "TIMESERIES" 时，将执行一些操作来将表的 kvtype 设置为未定义状态。
  最后，再来分析如下判断条件：

if (0 == pg_strcasecmp(storeChar, ORIENTATION_COLUMN)) {CheckCStoreUnsupportedFeature(stmt);CheckCStoreRelOption(std_opt);ForbidToSetOptionsForColTbl(stmt->options);if (stmt->partTableState) {if (stmt->partTableState->rowMovement == ROWMOVEMENT_DISABLE) {ereport(NOTICE,(errmsg("disable row movement is invalid for column stored tables."" They always enable row movement between partitions.")));}/* always enable rowmovement for column stored tables */stmt->partTableState->rowMovement = ROWMOVEMENT_ENABLE;}} else if (0 == pg_strcasecmp(storeChar, ORIENTATION_TIMESERIES)) {/* check both support coloumn store and row store */CheckCStoreUnsupportedFeature(stmt);CheckCStoreRelOption(std_opt);if (stmt->partTableState) {if (stmt->partTableState->rowMovement == ROWMOVEMENT_DISABLE)ereport(NOTICE,(errmsg("disable row movement is invalid for timeseries stored tables."" They always enable row movement between partitions.")));/* always enable rowmovement for column stored tables */stmt->partTableState->rowMovement = ROWMOVEMENT_ENABLE;}if (relkind == RELKIND_RELATION) {/* only care heap relation. ignore foreign table and index relation */forbid_to_set_options_for_timeseries_tbl(stmt->options);}/* construct distribute keys using tstag if not specified */if (stmt->distributeby == NULL) {ListCell* cell = NULL;DistributeBy* newnode = makeNode(DistributeBy);List* colnames = NIL;newnode->disttype = DISTTYPE_HASH;foreach (cell, schema) {ColumnDef* colDef = (ColumnDef*)lfirst(cell);if (colDef->kvtype == ATT_KV_TAG && IsTypeDistributable(colDef->typname->typeOid)) {colnames = lappend(colnames, makeString(colDef->colname));}}if (list_length(colnames) == 0) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),errmsg("No column can be used as distribution column.")));}newnode->colname = colnames;stmt->distributeby = newnode;/* if specified hidetag, add a hidden column as distribution column */} else if (stmt->distributeby->disttype == DISTTYPE_HIDETAG &&stmt->distributeby->colname == NULL) {bool has_distcol = false;ListCell* cell;foreach (cell, schema) {ColumnDef* colDef = (ColumnDef*)lfirst(cell);if (colDef->kvtype == ATT_KV_TAG && IsTypeDistributable(colDef->typname->typeOid)) {has_distcol = true;}}if (!has_distcol) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),errmsg("No column can be used as distribution column.")));}ColumnDef* colDef = makeColumnDef(TS_PSEUDO_DIST_COLUMN, "char");colDef->kvtype = ATT_KV_HIDE;stmt->tableElts = lappend(stmt->tableElts, colDef);/* still use hash logic later */DistributeBy* distnode = stmt->distributeby;distnode->disttype = DISTTYPE_HASH;distnode->colname = lappend(distnode->colname, makeString(colDef->colname));ereport(LOG, (errmodule(MOD_TIMESERIES), errmsg("use implicit distribution column method.")));}} else {if (relkind == RELKIND_RELATION) {/* only care heap relation. ignore foreign table and index relation */ForbidToSetOptionsForRowTbl(stmt->options);}}

  这段代码根据存储选项中的方向信息（storeChar）执行一系列操作。

  1. 如果存储选项的方向是 "COLUMN"，则执行以下操作：
  • 调用 CheckCStoreUnsupportedFeature(stmt)，检查是否支持列存储的特性。
  • 调用 CheckCStoreRelOption(std_opt)，检查列存储的关系选项。
  • 调用 ForbidToSetOptionsForColTbl(stmt->options)，禁止为列存储表设置特定的选项。
  • 如果存在分区表状态（stmt->partTableState），则根据分区表状态设置行移动属性为 "ROWMOVEMENT_ENABLE"，因为列存储表总是启用分区间的行移动。
  1. 如果存储选项的方向是 "TIMESERIES"，则执行以下操作：
  • 调用 CheckCStoreUnsupportedFeature(stmt)，检查是否支持列存储的特性。
  • 调用 CheckCStoreRelOption(std_opt)，检查列存储的关系选项。
  • 如果存在分区表状态（stmt->partTableState），则根据分区表状态设置行移动属性为 "ROWMOVEMENT_ENABLE"。
  • 如果表的类型是普通表（relkind == RELKIND_RELATION），则禁止为时序存储表设置特定的选项。
  • 构建分布键使用时间戳标签列作为分布列，如果未指定分布键的话。
  • 如果指定了隐藏标签（"HIDETAG"）的分布方式，且未指定分布列，则添加一个隐藏列作为分布列。
  1. 如果存储选项的方向不是 "COLUMN" 或 "TIMESERIES"，则执行以下操作：
  • 如果表的类型是普通表（relkind == RELKIND_RELATION），则禁止为行存储表设置特定的选项。

  其次，我们进入到 CheckCStoreUnsupportedFeature 函数来看看吧，这个函数用于检查列存储表是否支持指定的特性，如果不支持则报告错误。
  CheckCStoreUnsupportedFeature 函数源码如下：（路径：src/gausskernel/optimizer/commands/tablecmds.cpp）

// all unsupported features are checked and error reported here for cstore table
static void CheckCStoreUnsupportedFeature(CreateStmt* stmt)
{Assert(stmt);if (stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_GLOBAL_TEMP) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),errmsg("global temporary table can only support heap table")));}if (stmt->ofTypename)ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("Unsupport feature"),errdetail("cstore/timeseries don't support relation defination ""with composite type using CREATE TABLE OF TYPENAME.")));if (stmt->inhRelations) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("Unsupport feature"),errdetail("cstore/timeseries don't support relation defination with inheritance.")));}if (stmt->relation->schemaname != NULL &&IsSystemNamespace(get_namespace_oid(stmt->relation->schemaname, false))) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("Unsupport feature"),errdetail("cstore/timeseries don't support relation defination with System namespace.")));}CheckPartitionUnsupported(stmt);// Check constraintsListCell* lc = NULL;foreach (lc, stmt->tableEltsDup) {Node* element = (Node*)lfirst(lc);/* check table-level constraints */if (IsA(element, Constraint) && !CSTORE_SUPPORT_CONSTRAINT(((Constraint*)element)->contype)) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("column/timeseries store unsupport constraint \"%s\"",GetConstraintType(((Constraint*)element)->contype))));} else if (IsA(element, ColumnDef)) {List* colConsList = ((ColumnDef*)element)->constraints;ListCell* lc2 = NULL;/* check column-level constraints */foreach (lc2, colConsList) {Constraint* colCons = (Constraint*)lfirst(lc2);if (!CSTORE_SUPPORT_CONSTRAINT(colCons->contype)) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),errmsg("column/timeseries store unsupport constraint \"%s\"",GetConstraintType(colCons->contype))));}}}}
}

  下面是函数中每个部分的解释：

  1. 首先，函数使用 Assert(stmt) 确保传入的 CreateStmt 结构体非空。
  2. 如果要创建的表是全局临时表（stmt->relation->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_GLOBAL_TEMP），则报告错误，因为列存储表不支持全局临时表。
  3. 如果表的定义中使用了 CREATE TABLE OF TYPENAME，报告错误，因为列存储表不支持使用复合类型定义。
  4. 如果表的定义使用了继承（stmt->inhRelations），报告错误，因为列存储表不支持继承。
  5. 如果表的模式名不为空且属于系统命名空间，报告错误，因为列存储表不支持在系统命名空间中定义。
  6. 调用 CheckPartitionUnsupported(stmt) 检查分区相关的不支持特性。
  7. 遍历 stmt->tableEltsDup 中的每个元素（表元素，如列定义、约束等），检查是否存在不受支持的约束类型。如果存在不受支持的约束，报告错误。
  • 针对表级约束，检查约束类型是否受支持。
  • 针对列级约束，检查每个列的约束列表中的约束类型是否受支持。

  其次，我们再来看看 CheckCStoreRelOption 函数，该函数主要检查 PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS 是否小于 MAX_BATCHROW 的值。StdRdOptions 是一个用于存储关系选项的数据结构，它在代码中用于表示存储引擎的特定选项。
  其源码如下：（路径：src/gausskernel/optimizer/commands/tablecmds.cpp）

void CheckCStoreRelOption(StdRdOptions* std_opt)
{Assert(std_opt);if (std_opt->partial_cluster_rows < std_opt->max_batch_rows && std_opt->partial_cluster_rows >= 0) {ereport(ERROR,(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TABLE_DEFINITION),errmsg("PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS cannot be less than MAX_BATCHROW."),errdetail("PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS must be greater than or equal to MAX_BATCHROW."),errhint("PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS is MAX_BATCHROW multiplied by an integer.")));}
}

  以下是函数的解释：

  1. 首先，函数使用 Assert(std_opt) 确保传入的 StdRdOptions 结构体非空。
  2. 如果 PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS 的值小于 MAX_BATCHROW 并且大于等于0，报告错误。这是因为在列存储表中，PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS 表示部分数据块的行数，而 MAX_BATCHROW 表示每个批处理的最大行数。这两个参数应该满足 PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS >= MAX_BATCHROW 的关系。
    报告的错误信息包括：
  • "PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS" 不能小于 "MAX_BATCHROW"。
  • "PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS" 必须大于或等于 "MAX_BATCHROW"。
  • 提示说明 "PARTIAL_CLUSTER_ROWS" 是 "MAX_BATCHROW" 乘以一个整数。

  了解完了函数，我们再分别来看一下函数中的以下两个函数

AlterTableCreateToastTable(rel_oid, toast_options, ((CreateStmt *)stmt)->oldToastNode);
AlterCStoreCreateTables(rel_oid, toast_options, (CreateStmt*)stmt);

  其中，AlterTableCreateToastTable 函数的作用是为表创建 TOAST（The Oversized-Attribute Storage Technique）表，用于存储那些超过一定大小的大型列数据。TOAST 表存储的是被压缩和分割成块的列值，以优化数据库性能和存储空间的使用。

参数解释：

  1. rel_oid：要创建 TOAST 表的主表的对象标识符（OID）。
  2. toast_options：创建 TOAST 表的选项，包括压缩、存储引擎等设置。
  3. ((CreateStmt *)stmt)->oldToastNode ：源表的 TOAST 表节点（如果存在的话），用于在执行 ALTER TABLE 操作时将现有的 TOAST 表与新创建的 TOAST 表进行合并。

  AlterTableCreateToastTable 函数源码如下：（路径：src/common/backend/catalog/toasting.cpp）

/** AlterTableCreateToastTable*		If the table needs a toast table, and doesn't already have one,*		then create a toast table for it.** reloptions for the toast table can be passed, too.  Pass (Datum) 0* for default reloptions.** We expect the caller to have verified that the relation is a table and have* already done any necessary permission checks.  Callers expect this function* to end with CommandCounterIncrement if it makes any changes.*/
void AlterTableCreateToastTable(Oid relOid, Datum reloptions, List *filenodelist)
{Relation rel;bool rel_is_partitioned = check_rel_is_partitioned(relOid);if (!rel_is_partitioned) {/** Grab an exclusive lock on the target table, since we'll update its* pg_class tuple. This is redundant for all present uses, since caller* will have such a lock already.  But the lock is needed to ensure that* concurrent readers of the pg_class tuple won't have visibility issues,* so let's be safe.*/rel = heap_open(relOid, AccessExclusiveLock);if (needs_toast_table(rel))(void)create_toast_table(rel, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, reloptions, false, filenodelist);} else {rel = heap_open(relOid, AccessShareLock);if (needs_toast_table(rel))(void)createToastTableForPartitionedTable(rel, reloptions, filenodelist);}heap_close(rel, NoLock);
}

  在 AlterTableCreateToastTable 函数中， if (needs_toast_table(rel)) 判断的是是否需要为某个表创建 TOAST 表。其中，needs_toast_table 函数中有如下代码段：

    // column-store relations don't need any toast tables.if (RelationIsColStore(rel))return false;

  因为 TOAST 表的创建和维护会增加一些开销，而对于列存储表来说，通常已经具备了高效存储和压缩的特性，所以不像行存储表那样需要单独的 TOAST 表来处理大型列数据。

  AlterCStoreCreateTables 函数的作用是为一个列存储表执行一些列存储特定的操作，主要包括以下几个方面：

  1. 创建 CStore 子表（Delta 表） ： 对于列存储表，通常会有一个主表和一个或多个子表（如 Delta 表）。Delta 表用于存储新增和修改的数据，以便在之后的时间点将这些变更合并到主表中。这个函数可能会创建或配置 Delta 表。
  2. 配置存储选项： 列存储表可能有一些特定的存储选项，这些选项可能会影响数据的存储、压缩、索引等方面。函数可能会根据提供的参数进行相应的存储选项配置。
  3. 处理 TOAST 表： 尽管列存储表不需要创建 TOAST 表，但在某些情况下可能需要处理 TOAST 相关的选项，例如对于那些不同存储方式混合的列存储表

  AlterCStoreCreateTables 函数源码如下所示：（路径：src/common/backend/catalog/cstore_ctlg.cpp）

/** AlterTableCreateDeltaTable* 如果是一个 ColStore 表，就应该调用这个函数。* 这个函数用于创建一个 Delta 表。*/
void AlterCStoreCreateTables(Oid relOid, Datum reloptions, CreateStmt* mainTblStmt)
{Relation rel;/** 获取目标表的排它锁，因为我们将会更新它的 pg_class 元组。* 这对于目前的所有使用情况来说都是多余的，因为调用者已经有了这样的锁。* 但是为了确保并发读取 pg_class 元组的其他进程不会出现可见性问题，我们保险起见加上这个锁。*/rel = heap_open(relOid, AccessExclusiveLock);/** Dfs 表将会使用 AlterDfsCreateTables 函数处理。*/if (!RelationIsCUFormat(rel)) {heap_close(rel, NoLock);return;}if (!RELATION_IS_PARTITIONED(rel)) {/* create_delta_table 函数完成所有工作 */// 用于创建 Delta 表的，Delta 表存储了列存储表中发生的数据变更（如插入、更新、删除操作）的信息，以便后续进行数据恢复或查询。(void)CreateDeltaTable(rel, reloptions, false, mainTblStmt);// 用于创建 CUDesc 表，也就是变更描述表,CUDesc 表用于记录列存储表中数据变更的信息，如插入、更新、删除的数据。(void)CreateCUDescTable(rel, reloptions, false);// 通过静态方法调用来创建列存储表的存储空间CStore::CreateStorage(rel, InvalidOid);} else {createCUDescTableForPartitionedTable(rel, reloptions);createDeltaTableForPartitionedTable(rel, reloptions, mainTblStmt);CreateStorageForPartition(rel);}heap_close(rel, NoLock);
}

  这里重点看一下 CStore::CreateStorage ，CreateStorage 为 CStore 类中的静态方法 ，用来创建列存储表的存储空间，源码如下所示：（路径：src/gausskernel/storage/cstore/cstore_am.cpp）

/* DONT call in redo */
// 提醒不要在恢复（redo）过程中调用这个函数
void CStore::CreateStorage(Relation rel, Oid newRelFileNode)
{// 获取表的元组描述（Tuple Descriptor）。TupleDesc desc = RelationGetDescr(rel);// 获取表的属性数量。int nattrs = desc->natts;// 获取表的属性信息数组。Form_pg_attribute* attrs = desc->attrs;// 获取表的持久性信息，即表是持久性表还是临时表。char relpersistence = rel->rd_rel->relpersistence;// 获取表的关系文件节点信息。RelFileNode rd_node = rel->rd_node;// 如果 newRelFileNode 是有效的（即指定了新的关系文件节点），则将当前表的关系文件节点更新为新的关系文件节点。if (OidIsValid(newRelFileNode)) {// use the new filenode if *newRelFileNode* is valid.rd_node.relNode = newRelFileNode;}for (int i = 0; i < nattrs; i++) {// 如果当前属性已被标记为删除（attisdropped 为 true），则跳过此属性。if (attrs[i]->attisdropped)continue;// 获取当前属性的属性编号。int attrid = attrs[i]->attnum;// 创建一个 CFileNode 实例，用于表示关系文件节点和属性编号。CFileNode cnode(rd_node, attrid, MAIN_FORKNUM);// create cu file in disk.// 创建一个 CUStorage 实例，表示列存储单元（Column Unit）的存储。CUStorage* custorage = New(CurrentMemoryContext) CUStorage(cnode);Assert(custorage);// 调用 custorage 的 CreateStorage 方法来创建存储空间。它会在磁盘上创建相应的 CU 文件。custorage->CreateStorage(0, false);// 删除之前创建的 custorage 实例。DELETE_EX(custorage);// log and insert into the pending delete list.// 将关系文件节点、属性编号、持久性信息和表的拥有者信息传递给它，以记录创建存储空间的操作。CStoreRelCreateStorage(&rd_node, attrid, relpersistence, rel->rd_rel->relowner);}
}

  调试信息如下所示：
在这里插入图片描述
  这里我们对 Form_pg_attribute* attrs = desc->attrs; 稍作解析：

{attrelid = 24646, attname = {data = "state_id", '\000' <repeats 55 times>}, atttypid = 1042, attstattarget = -1, attlen = -1, attnum = 1, attndims = 0,attcacheoff = -1, atttypmod = 6, attbyval = false, attstorage = 120 'x', attalign = 105 'i', attnotnull = false, atthasdef = false, attisdropped = false,attislocal = true, attcmprmode = 127 '\177', attinhcount = 0, attcollation = 100, attkvtype = 0 '\000'}
参数含义
attrelid = 24646表示这个属性所属的表的关系 ID。
attname = {data = “state_id”, ‘\000’ <repeats 55 times>}表示属性的名称，这里是 “state_id”。
atttypid = 1042表示属性的数据类型的 OID。在这个例子中，OID 为 1042，对应的数据类型是字符类型。
attstattarget = -1表示在自动统计分析期间收集统计信息的目标值。在这里是 -1，表示未指定。
attlen = -1表示属性的长度（字节数）。在这里是 -1，表示长度是可变的。
attnum = 1表示属性的编号（从 1 开始）。在这里是 1。
attndims = 0表示属性的维度数目。在这里是 0，表示这是一个标量属性。
attcacheoff = -1表示属性在元组中的偏移量。在这里是 -1，表示未指定。
atttypmod = 6表示属性的类型修饰符。在这里是 6，具体含义取决于属性的数据类型。
attbyval = false表示属性是否按值传递。在这里是 false，表示不是按值传递。
attstorage = 120 ‘x’表示属性的存储方式。在这里是 ‘x’，表示外部存储。
attalign = 105 ‘i’表示属性的对齐方式。在这里是 ‘i’，表示按照 int 类型的对齐方式。
attnotnull = false表示属性是否可以为 NULL。在这里是 false，表示可以为 NULL。
atthasdef = false表示属性是否有默认值。在这里是 false，表示没有默认值。
attisdropped = false表示属性是否被标记为已删除。在这里是 false，表示没有被标记为删除。
attislocal = true表示属性是否是本地属性。在这里是 true，表示是本表的属性。
attcmprmode = 127 ‘\177’表示属性的压缩模式。在这里是 127，具体含义取决于属性的数据类型和存储方式。
attinhcount = 0表示从父表继承的次数。在这里是 0，表示没有从父表继承。
attcollation = 100表示属性的排序规则的 OID。在这里是 100，对应的排序规则。
attkvtype = 0 ‘\000’表示属性的键值类型。在这里是 0，表示不是键值属性。

总结

  到此，本文初步介绍了列存储创建表的大致流程，其中很多的细节可能并没有详细展开。此外，列存储所涉及的模块和相关知识也非常多，在后续的学习中会不断的跟进。

http://www.lryc.cn/news/130123.html

相关文章：

  • Jenkins 监控dist.zip文件内容发生变化 触发自动部署
  • Linux系列讲解 —— FTP协议的应用
  • Rancher-RKE-install 部署k8s集群
  • PHP8的正则表达式-PHP8知识详解
  • SpringCloud实用篇7——深入elasticsearch
  • uni-app 经验分享，从入门到离职（二）—— tabBar 底部导航栏实战篇
  • Java虚拟机（JVM）：内存区域
  • 11 - git stash 开发中临时加塞了紧急任务怎么处理
  • 高效的WMS系统手持盘点方案
  • Oracle分页技术
  • 2023-08-15 Untiy进阶 C#知识补充6——C#7主要功能与语法
  • logstash配置文件
  • docker搭建lnmp(nginx+mysql57+php7.4)
  • 专访 BlockPI：共建账户抽象未来的新一代 RPC 基础设施
  • js fetch请求中断的几种方式
  • Python自动化实战之使用Selenium进行Web自动化详解
  • “之江数据安全治理论坛”暨《浙江省汽车数据处理活动规定（专家建议稿）》研讨会顺利召开
  • 消息中间件面试题
  • 麻辣烫数据可视化，麻辣烫市场将持续蓬勃发展
  • 大数据课程J1——Scala的概述
  • 第二章：25+ Python 数据操作教程（第十三节NUMPY 教程与练习）
  • 【Java面试】如果一个线程两次调用start()，会出现什么问题？
  • 购买steam余额有风险吗？以及N种被红锁的情况
  • 使用 BERT 进行文本分类 （02/3）
  • 基于Hadoop的表级监管
  • 【学习日记】【FreeRTOS】延时列表的实现
  • ​LeetCode解法汇总833. 字符串中的查找与替换
  • ide internal errors【bug】
  • 阿里云与中国中医科学院合作，推动中医药行业数字化和智能化发展
  • 【Redis】Redis 的学习教程（五）之 SpringBoot 集成 Redis