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C# 活动窗体截图：基于 Win32 API 的实现

article 2025/9/16 8:33:51

1. 核心功能与技术栈

该截图功能类 ScreenShotClass 基于 Win32 API 实现了两种截图方式：

CopyFromScreen 方法：利用 Graphics.CopyFromScreen 直接截取屏幕区域。
BitBlt 方法：通过 GDI+ 的位图块传输（BitBlt）实现窗口截图。

核心依赖的 Win32 API 包括：

user32.dll：获取窗口句柄、窗口矩形区域。
dwmapi.dll：获取窗口扩展边界（适用于现代 Windows 窗口阴影等效果）。
gdi32.dll：执行位图复制操作（BitBlt）。

DwmGetWindowAttribute与 GetWindowRect区别？
GetWindowRect 返回窗口边框矩形（不含阴影等视觉扩展），而 DwmGetWindowAttribute 能获取实际显示区域，确保截图完整。

2. 两种截图方式对比

方法	实现原理
`CopyFromScreen`	使用 `Graphics.CopyFromScreen` 直接从屏幕坐标复制像素到目标位图。
`BitBlt`	通过 `GetWindowDC` 获取窗口 DC，再用 `BitBlt` 复制像素到目标 DC（位图）。

适用场景与限制

适用场景：
- 截取当前活动窗口或指定窗口内容。
- 需要包含窗口边框、阴影等视觉元素的精确截图。
限制：
- 性能影响：频繁调用 BitBlt 可能影响 UI 线程，建议异步执行。
- 兼容性：仅适用于 Windows 系统，依赖 Win32 API。

3. 使用示例

// 截取前台窗口（使用 CopyFromScreen）
try {Image screenshot = ScreenShotClass.Screenshot_CopyFromScreen();screenshot.Save("screenshot.png", System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Png);
} catch (Exception ex) {Console.WriteLine($"截图失败：{ex.Message}");
}// 截取指定窗口（使用 BitBlt）
IntPtr targetHandle = ...; // 获取目标窗口句柄（如通过 FindWindow）
Image screenshot = ScreenShotClass.Screenshot_CopyFromDC(targetHandle);

完整代码：

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;namespace CSharp学习之截图功能
{public static class Win32Api{// 获取前台窗口句柄[DllImport("user32.dll")]public static extern IntPtr GetForegroundWindow();// 获取窗口属性（这里用于获取扩展框架边界）[DllImport("dwmapi.dll")]public static extern int DwmGetWindowAttribute(IntPtr hwnd, int dwAttribute, out RECT pvAttribute, int cbAttribute);// 获取窗口的矩形区域（包括边框、标题栏等）[DllImport("user32.dll")]public static extern bool GetWindowRect(IntPtr hWnd, out RECT lpRect);// 获取指定窗口的设备上下文（DC）[DllImport("user32.dll")]public static extern IntPtr GetWindowDC(IntPtr hWnd);// 释放设备上下文（DC）[DllImport("user32.dll")]public static extern bool ReleaseDC(IntPtr hWnd, IntPtr hDC);// 执行位块传输（BitBlt）操作，用于复制图像[DllImport("gdi32.dll")]public static extern bool BitBlt(IntPtr hdcDest, int nXDest, int nYDest, int nWidth, int nHeight, IntPtr hdcSrc, int nXSrc, int nYSrc, int dwRop);// 定义RECT结构体，用于表示矩形区域[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]public struct RECT{public int Left;public int Top;public int Right;public int Bottom;// 计算矩形的宽度public int Width => Right - Left;// 计算矩形的高度public int Height => Bottom - Top;}// DWMWA_EXTENDED_FRAME_BOUNDS常量public const int DWMWA_EXTENDED_FRAME_BOUNDS = 9;// SRCCOPY表示源图像直接复制到目标设备上下文public const int SRCCOPY = 0x00CC0020;}public static class ScreenShotClass{public static Image Screenshot_CopyFromScreen(){IntPtr handle = Win32Api.GetForegroundWindow();Win32Api.RECT rect;int result = Win32Api.DwmGetWindowAttribute(handle, Win32Api.DWMWA_EXTENDED_FRAME_BOUNDS, out rect, Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(Win32Api.RECT)));if (result != 0){throw new InvalidOperationException("无法获取窗口边界");}Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(rect.Width, rect.Height);try{using (Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(bmp)){g.CopyFromScreen(rect.Left, rect.Top, 0, 0, bmp.Size);}return bmp;}catch(Exception ex) {// 如果发生异常，确保释放Bitmapbmp?.Dispose();throw new InvalidOperationException($"截图失败: {ex.Message}");}}public static Image Screenshot_CopyFromScreen(IntPtr handle){Win32Api.RECT rect;int result = Win32Api.DwmGetWindowAttribute(handle, Win32Api.DWMWA_EXTENDED_FRAME_BOUNDS, out rect, Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(Win32Api.RECT)));if (result != 0){throw new InvalidOperationException("无法获取窗口边界");}Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(rect.Width, rect.Height);try{using (Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(bmp)){g.CopyFromScreen(rect.Left, rect.Top, 0, 0, bmp.Size);}return bmp;}catch (Exception ex){// 如果发生异常，确保释放Bitmapbmp?.Dispose();throw new InvalidOperationException($"截图失败: {ex.Message}");}}public static Image Screenshot_CopyFromDC(){IntPtr handle = Win32Api.GetForegroundWindow();Win32Api.RECT rect;Win32Api.GetWindowRect(handle, out rect);Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(rect.Width, rect.Height);Graphics g = null;IntPtr hdcSrc = IntPtr.Zero;IntPtr hdcDest = IntPtr.Zero;try{g = Graphics.FromImage(bmp);hdcDest = g.GetHdc();hdcSrc = Win32Api.GetWindowDC(handle);if (hdcSrc == IntPtr.Zero){throw new InvalidOperationException("无法获取窗口设备上下文");}bool success = Win32Api.BitBlt(hdcDest, 0, 0, rect.Width, rect.Height, hdcSrc, 0, 0, Win32Api.SRCCOPY);if (!success){throw new InvalidOperationException("BitBlt 调用失败");}return bmp;}catch (Exception ex){// 释放资源bmp?.Dispose();throw new InvalidOperationException($"截图失败: {ex.Message}");}finally{// 确保释放资源if (hdcDest != IntPtr.Zero && g != null){g.ReleaseHdc(hdcDest);}if (hdcSrc != IntPtr.Zero){Win32Api.ReleaseDC(handle, hdcSrc);}g?.Dispose();}}public static Image Screenshot_CopyFromDC(IntPtr handle){Win32Api.RECT rect;Win32Api.GetWindowRect(handle, out rect);Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(rect.Width, rect.Height);Graphics g = null;IntPtr hdcSrc = IntPtr.Zero;IntPtr hdcDest = IntPtr.Zero;try{g = Graphics.FromImage(bmp);hdcDest = g.GetHdc();hdcSrc = Win32Api.GetWindowDC(handle);if (hdcSrc == IntPtr.Zero){throw new InvalidOperationException("无法获取窗口设备上下文");}bool success = Win32Api.BitBlt(hdcDest, 0, 0, rect.Width, rect.Height, hdcSrc, 0, 0, Win32Api.SRCCOPY);if (!success){throw new InvalidOperationException("BitBlt 调用失败");}return bmp;}catch (Exception ex){// 释放资源bmp?.Dispose();throw new InvalidOperationException($"截图失败: {ex.Message}");}finally{// 确保释放资源if (hdcDest != IntPtr.Zero && g != null){g.ReleaseHdc(hdcDest);}if (hdcSrc != IntPtr.Zero){Win32Api.ReleaseDC(handle, hdcSrc);}g?.Dispose();}}}
}

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